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BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 3 – MODERN BIOLOGY
3-1: CARBON COMPOUNDS
• CARBON IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE !!!
• Carbon helps to build most essential compounds
• Carbon’s structure – readily makes 4 covalent
bonds
DIFFERENT CARBON BOND SHAPES
• Branched chains
Straight Chains
Rings
ORGANIC V. INORGANIC
 Organic Compounds:
 contains the element carbon
 4 Types:
 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
 Most of these are found in foods you eat.
 Inorganic Compounds:
 DO NOT contain carbon
 HCl (acid), Sodium chloride (table salt)
 EXCEPTIONS: CO, CO2
 Organisms contain many inorganic
compounds as well as organic compounds.
MACROMOLECULES
• Monomer – building block of
a macromolecule
• Polymer – large molecule
made of monomers
• Example: Amino acids
(Mono) build Proteins (Poly)
CARBON BASED LIFE
• All life is carbon based!
• But why??
• WRITE/PAIR/SHARE
• In 2 lines, explain why carbon is the basis for all life
on Earth. This was in the Crash Course video!
IPADS & MOLYMODS
• Groups are going to be split between 2 activities
• iPad----Launch “Molecules” app and follow
instructions in packet
• Molymods----Will follow instructions on page 2, be
sure to read everything before doing anything!
EXIT TICKET
• In 2 lines, explain why carbon is able to make so
many different shapes/compounds…think
ELECTRONS!!! Carbon is a “tramp”….
CONDENSATION REACTION
(DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)
• Build molecules
• Water is produced as a byproduct because an H+
and an OH- is removed (makes H20!)
HYDROLYSIS REACTION
• Break down molecules
• Water is split to break molecules apart
CARBOHYDRATES
 An energy-rich organic compound
 C, H, O
 Examples: sugars, starches
 MONOMERS: monosaccharides
MORE ABOUT CARBS
 Plants make sugars during the food-making
process.
 Sugar molecules can combine to form
large molecules:
 Starches – plants stored energy
 Complex carbohydrates
 You take in carbohydrates from your food
(potatoes, pasta, rice and bread)
 In your body:
 Starch  glucose (cellular energy)
 Carbohydrates make up essential parts of
cell walls and cell membranes
LIPIDS




Energy-rich organic compounds
C, H, O
Found as part of many foods
MONOMERS: fatty acids & glycerol
MORE ABOUT YO FATS
 Cells store energy in lipids for later use.
 Cell membranes are made mainly of lipids.
MO’ FATS
• Examples in living things include:
•
•
•
•
•
oils (triglycerides)
waxes
Steroids
Sterols (like cholesterols)
Phospholipids
• NOT SOLUBLE
IN WATER!
PROTEINS
 Large organic molecules
 C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
 Found in meat, eggs, fish, nuts & beans.
 MONOMERS: amino acids
GET ME SOME PROTEIN
 Structure of Proteins:
 20 different amino acids
 Combined in numerous ways to form
MILLIONS of proteins
 Number, order and type of amino acid
determines the protein
 DNA directs proteins
 Function of Proteins:
 Much of the structure of cells is made up of
proteins.
 Proteins form parts of cell membranes and
make up many organelles within the cell.
ENZYMES
A.K.A FANCY PROTEINS
 Speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing
 Without enzymes:
 Would either take too long or not occur at all.
 Lock & Key Theory – Substrate (chemical it works on)
has a specific shape to fit into a specific enzyme
ENZYMES
• -generally end in “-ASE”
• PEPSIN IS ONE EXCEPTION: PEPSIN IN STOMACH ACID
*LIMITED BY pH, TEMPERATURE, and CONCENTRATION LEVELS
THEY DON’T ALWAYS WORK! THERE ARE RANGES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Very long organic molecules
 C, H, O, N, P
 Contain the instructions cells need to carry
out all the functions of life.
 MONOMER = NUCLEOTIDE
 Two kinds of nucleic acids:
 DNA
 DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
 The genetic material that carries information
about an organism.
 DNA is inherited from parents
 Directs all of the cells (and organism) functions
Parts of a Nucleotide:
- 5 Carbon Sugar
- nitrogen base
- phosphate groups
 RNA
 RiboNucleic Acid
 Responsible for the production of proteins.
 Found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm
 Three types of RNA:
a. Ribosomal RNA: Makes up ribosomes.
b. Transfer RNA: Carries amino acids to the ribosome
c. Messenger RNA: (DNA to mRNA) carries DNA’s
message to the ribosome