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Genetics Unit Review These are the vocabulary words that you need to know for the genetics unit. You need to study them and quiz yourself using the castlelearning flashcard assignment that is posted. centromere The region where the chromatids of a doublestranded chromosome are held together. chromatid acquired characteristic A characteristic developed during an individuals lifetime. These are not passed on to succeeding generations. addition The adding of DNA nucleotides to a chromosome. allele One of the two or more possible genes for a trait. They are always at the same position (loci) on homologous chromosomes. amino acid One of the two strands of a replicated chromosome. chromosomal mutation Any change in the number or structure of the chromosomes. chromosome A structure found in the nucleus that is made of DNA and protein. It contains the hereditary information. Cloning The production of genetically identical organisms. The basic building block of proteins. They contain an amine group and a carboxyl group. Codominance Amniocentesis A procedure that removes amniotic fluid containing fetal cells for analysis to determine the presence of genetic defects. artificial selection A breeding practice by which organisms are purposely mated to produce offspring with specific desirable traits. autosomes Inheritance in which both of the alleles are expressed. The hybrid is a blend of both. Codon A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in the messenger RNA sequence that are specific for one amino acid. common ancestors Organisms from which closely related organisms have evolved. Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. Complementary Being the complement of the other, the result of specific pairing. crossing-over The equal exchange of genetic material by homologous chromosomes during the synapsis of meiosis. deletion A chromosomal abnormality in which a portion of the chromosome has been lost. gene-chromosome theory The theory that states that genes are arranged in a linear sequence in definite locations (loci) on chromosomes. Genes for the same trait are located at the same loci on homologous chromosomes. genetic diploid Pertaining to DNA, the hereditary material. The 2n number. The normal number of chromosomes for a particular species. The human diploid number is 46 genetic engineering The process which transfers genes to another organisms DNA resulting in recombinant DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) The nucleic acid that stores the hereditary information, that is, the genetic material. genetic screening The analysis of body fluids such as blood or urine to detect the presence of a genetic disease. double helix The shape of the DNA molecule, the spiral shape formed by the parallel strands. genetically Having to do with the chromosomes and how traits are inherited. environmentally influenced traits Traits that are not expressed unless the environmental conditions are correct. genetics gametes The study of DNA and how the hereditary information is transmitted from one generation to the next. Monoploid sex cells produced in gonads by meiotic cell division. Sperm and egg. gel electrophoresis A method used to separate DNA fragments on the basis of their size. gene A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular trait. gene mutation Any change in the sequence of bases in DNA. genotype The genetic makeup of an individual; ex. hybrid tall. Heredity The sum total of genetically inherited characteristics which are passed from parents to offspring. Heterozygous Hybrid. The pair of genes for a trait are not alike; for example Tt. homologous chromosomes messenger RNA A pair of chromosomes of the same size and shape that carry genes for the same trait. An RNA molecule with a specific code for a polypeptide. This code is determined by the sequence of bases of the DNA molecule in the nucleus. homozygous Pure. The pair of genes are the same; for example TT. mutagenic agents Any substance that can change the structure of the DNA, causing a mutation. identical twins Two individuals formed from a single fertilized egg. They have the same genetic makeup. mutation A change in the genetic material. independent assortment Different traits that are carried on different chromosomes are inherited independently from one another. nitrogenous bases Adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine and guanine. nucleotide inherited Coming from ancestors. The basic unit of nucleic acids. It consists of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. insertion A mutation that is caused by the placement of a DNA nucleotide into an existing gene. Phenotype The appearance of an organism; how it looks. Insulin A hormone produced by the Islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. It lowers blood sugar levels. Protein An organic compound made of amino acids. karyotyping protein synthesis The process by which an individuals chromosomes are examined by looking at enlarged images of them arranged on a grid according to size. The making of a protein from amino acids by matching the anticodon of the transfer RNA to the codon of the messenger RNA. male recessive traits Traits that do not appear if the dominant gene is present. recombinant DNA An organism that has XY sex chromosomes or produces sperm cells. The DNA of an organism has been changed usually by the addition of a gene. Mendel recombination A mathematician and monk who developed the hereditary principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. The formation of new combinations of genes. This can be the result of crossing over during meiosis. Template replication A guide for the assembly of products to assure their uniformity. The copying of the exact base sequence of the DNA. Tetrad ribosome The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The structure formed when the homologous double stranded chromosomes (4 chromatids) come together during the synapsis of meiosis. Trait selective breeding The manipulation of reproductive processes to produce offspring with specialized traits; choosing mates or crossing traits to produce offspring that have desired traits. Methods of selective breeding include inbreeding, artificial selection, hydridization, and vegetative propagation. For example, dog breeds such as the Dalmatian are the result of selective breeding. A characteristic of an organism. transfer RNA The type of nucleic acid that contains an anticodon three nucleotides long. It carries a specific amino acid to the mRNA at the ribosome during protein synthesis. tumor sex chromosomes The pair of genes that determines the sex of the individual, with XX being female and XY being male. An abnormal mass of cells. vegetative propagation In humans, the male determines the sex. XX is female XY is male. A form of asexual plant reproduction that produces identical new plants as undifferentiated tissue divides by mitosis. The resulting cells specialize providing the needed tissues. species Watson and Crick A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The scientists who discovered the structure of the DNA molecule. sex determination sperm The male monoploid (n) gamete, sex cell. Tay-Sachs A fatal recessive genetic disease which is characterized by the deterioration of nerve tissue due to the accumulation of fatty material. It is most frequent in Jews of Central European descent.