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PRACTICE ECOLOGY QUESTIONS 1 Choose terms from the list below which best describe the following: (a) All the organisms of one species living in a defined area. (b) All the organisms living in the same defined area. (c) The place where an organism is usually found. (d) A self-supporting group of organisms and their environment. ecosystem, population, habitat, biosphere, community, environment, farmland 2 What resources are competed for by (a) animals, (b) plants? 3 What is the distinction between interspecific competition and intraspecific competition? 4 Which of the following are (a) biotic factors or (b) abiotic factors in an ecosystem? competition, temperature, concentration rainfall, predation, sunlight, parasitism, oxygen 2 Classify the following as producers, primary consumers or secondary consumers. caterpillar, falcon, mouse, tree, phytoplankton, pike, cat, grass, locust, goat, otter, wheat 3 The diagram represents a food web that might occur on a rocky seashore. octopus crabs, prawns gull goby blenny starfish dog whelk marine worms shrimps animal carrion acorn barnacles, limpets microscopic green algae mussels periwinkles, top shells seaweed (a) Pick out a food chain that includes shrimps and ends with gulls. (b) Which are the producers? (c) Name a primary, secondary and tertiary consumer in the food web. (d) What might happen to the food web if all the mussels were killed by a pollutant? 4 A meal consists of grilled trout, potatoes and mushrooms. Explain how each item is ultimately the product of photosynthesis. 5 On average, what percentage of the sun's energy, which reaches the surface of the Earth, is used for photosynthesis? (a) 100% (b) 10% (c) 1% (d) 0.1 % 6 On average, what percentage of the food given to cattle is converted to flesh and bone? (a) 100% (b) 10% (c) 1 % (d) 0.1 % 7 Choose the most appropriate words from the list below to complete the following paragraph. In a food chain, …… passes from one …… to another. The ……of the …… is always less than that of the ……because most of the food eaten by the …… is used to produce ……rather than new growth. biomass, sunlight, trophic level, photosynthesis, producers, energy, consumers, decomposers 8 Which two major groups of organisms make up the bulk of the decomposers? 9 The diagram represents part of a simplified carbon cycle. Write the name of the organisms, substances or processes represented by the letters (a)-(f). (d) decay 10 What processes (a) remove and (b) add to the carbon dioxide in the air? (c) plants (e) (b) (a) (f) decay 11 What part do (a) nitrifying, (b) nitrogen-fixing and (c) denitrifying bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle? 12 What processes remove nitrates from the soil? 13 The diagram represents a simplified water cycle. (a) Say what might be represented by (i) - (iii). evaporation (b) At which three points in the cycle are humans most likely to interfere? (i) (ii) (iii) ____ ____ ____ rain 1. The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its a. habitat. b. logistic growth. c. biotic potential. d. microclimax. e. ecological niche. 2. An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid a. parasitism. b. symbiosis. c. predation. d. competition. e. commensalism. 3. Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction? a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. competition soil rivers e. predation ____ 4. Disturbances to ecological communities a. are frequently related to human activities. b. can remove organisms and alter resource availability. c. can create vacated ecological niches that other species can colonize. d. All of the above are true. e. Only A and B are true. ____ 5. You are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a(n) a. tropical rain forest. b. abandoned field. c. old riverbed. d. fairly recent volcanic island. e. deep sea vent. ____ ____ ____ ____ 6. Which ecosystem does not belong with the others? a. tundra b. estuary c. boreal forest d. rain forest 7. The region of the ocean in which photosynthesis occurs is called the a. deep sea zone b. zooplankton zone c. nutrient zone d. photic zone 8. After a volcanic eruption, which organisms are the most likely to appear on the newly exposed surface? a. ferns b. mosses c. lichens d. tree seedlings 9. Temperature, light, air, water, soil and climate are all ___________ parts of an ecosystem? a. biotic b. abiotic c. living d. boreal ____ ____ 10. Large regions that have about the same temperature and amount of rain or snow are know as a. ecosystems b. biomes c. abiotic areas d. ecological reserves 11. Which of the following statements is consistent with the competitive exclusion principle? a. Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. b. The density of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. c. Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. d. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of inferior species. e. Evolution tends to increase competition between related species. 1. What is the difference between weather and climate. (2) 2. Compare a habitat and a niche. components of a niche. (4) Be sure to include at least three 3. Define, and give an example of EACH of the following close interactions of species. (4) a) Commensalism Definition: Example: b) Mutualism Definition: Example: 4. Compare primary and secondary succession. Give an example of where each type of succession is likely to occur. (5) 5. 6. Choose one biome and explain how humans are negatively impacting this biome (4). Biome: _____________________________________ How humans are negatively impacting this biome: Complete the table below (2pts for each correct answer). Level of Definition organization Individual Biome The area where all life on Earth can be found. 1 The graph represents a sigmoid growth curve for a population of micro-organisms. (a) Select the sequence of letters on the curve which best represents (i) the exponential phase of growth, (ii) the stationary phase and (iii) the lag phase. (b) What is taking place during the exponential phase? 2 What are likely to be the limiting factors in a population of (a) green plants, (b) birds? h g f population size Biosphere e d c a b time 6 The table shows birth rates, death rates and infant mortality for four African countries some years ago. Which country would you expect to show (a) the greatest, (b) the smallest population increase by now, assuming no wars or famines? Country Rates per 1000 population i k Tanzania Gabon Ethiopia Kenya Birth rate Death rate Infant mortality 46 33 50 53 16 22 25 14 125 178 162 80 8 State the changes in society which could contribute to a falling death rate. 9 State three conditions in a society which could contribute to a reduction in the birth rate. Self-assessment questions 29.02 10 How would an increase in the fertility rate affect the age structure of a population? numbers of people numbers of people 11 The bar charts show the numbers of people of different ages in two countries. (a) Describe the age structure of the population in each case. (b) Comment on the death rates in the two countries. (c) Which of the two charts is characteristic of an industrialised country? A age B age 1. Generally, which of the following factors has the greatest effect on determining the climate of a region? a. Air currents b. Distance from the equator c. Longitude d. Month of the year e. Dominant plant species (1 mark) 2. With the aid of a diagram, explain how the greenhouse effect maintains temperatures within the biosphere within a range suitable for life. (3 marks) 3. List three gases responsible for the greenhouse effect (2 marks) 4. From 1960 – 2012, scientists recorded the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the average temperature in Mauna Loa. The data are shown in the graph below, followed by a graph of global temperature change over the same period. Based on the graphs, which of the following conclusions is most likely? A. Carbon dioxide levels and overall global temperatures will continue to increase over the next 50 years B. Carbon dioxide levels should decline over between 2050 and 2100 C. Warm temperatures are the cause of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration D. There is an inverse relationship between global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration E. Temperatures elsewhere in the biosphere must decline in order to compensate for temperature increases observed at Mauna Loa observatory. 5. Draw the classical population growth curve for an idealised population. Be able to name your axes, annotate your graph and label and explain the following phases of the sigmoid growth curve: 1. Lag Phase 2. Exponential Growth Phase 3. Transitional/Logistic growth phase 4. Carrying capacity/ Plateau Phase 6. Density-dependent limiting factors are responsible for slowing down population growth rate. Define density-dependent limiting factor, and give two examples of density-dependent limiting factors that could apply to a population of wild moose in a Canadian National Park. Below is: a) A graph of the classic demographic transition model describing population dynamics as nations develop economically and socially. b) Two age-structure diagrams (population pyramids) (A,B) representing two different nations, Afghanistan and Switzerland. A B 7. Explain which stage of the demographic transition (1 – 5) is represented by Pyramid A, including a brief description of birth rate, death rate and population growth rate in your answer. 8. Explain which stage of the demographic transition (1 – 5) is represented by Pyramid B, including a brief description of birth rate, death rate and population growth rate in your answer. 9. Which age-structure pyramid represents Afghanistan and which pyramid represents Switzerland?