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Science 8 – 9 Chemicals in Cells Notes Name _________________________________ Date __________________________________ Why It Matters If cells are the ______________________________________________ of living things, then what substances are the basic building blocks of cells? In what ways are the ______________________________________________ of cells similar to those that make up other things around you? We will learn how the substances that make up ______________________________________ differ from those that make up ________________________________________________________. Elements If you think of the air around you, you know that air is mixture of gases, including _____________________________________. Oxygen and nitrogen are examples of ______________________________________. _______________________________________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. The smallest unit of an element is called an _______________________________________. The _________________________________________ found in living things include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Compounds When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a ___________________________ Water is an example of a compound because it is made up of the elements _____________________________________________________ The smallest unit of most compounds is called a _________________________________________ Each ______________________________________________________ is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Many compounds found in living things contain ___________________________________, which is usually combined with other elements. Most compounds that contain carbon are called _________________________________________________. The most important groups of organic compounds found in living things are ________________________________________________________________________________________. In organic compounds are compounds that _________________________________ contain the element __________________________________________. Carbohydrates A carbohydrate is an _________________________________________________ made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. _______________________________________________________ are examples of carbohydrates. Sugars are produced during the ___________________________________________________ that takes place in plants. Foods such as __________________________________________________ are high in sugar content. Sugar molecules can combine and form larger molecules called ________________________ Foods that come from ___________________________________ contain starch. For example ____________________________________________________________________________________________. When we eat these foods, our bodies break down the starch into ___________________________________ and our cells use it for _________________________________ Carbohydrates are found in the plants ____________________________________ and in ________________________________________________________ Proteins ___________________________________________ are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and, sometimes, sulfur. Foods high in protein include ______________________________________________________________. Cells use proteins for many different things. For instance, protein forms parts of _______________________________________________ Proteins also make up many of the ___________________________________________ within the cell. Certain cells in your body use proteins to ________________________________________________. Amino Acids Protein molecules are made up of smaller molecules called _____________________________. There are _________________________________________ but they can combine in different ways to form thousands of different proteins. Think of it like the ______________________________________ of the alphabet. They combine to make thousands of words Enzymes An enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up a _____________________________________ in a living thing. Without __________________________________, many chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long, or not occur at all. For example, enzymes in your ____________________________ speed up the ____________________________ of food by breaking down ___________________________into ______________________________________ in your mouth. Lipids _______________________________________ are fats, oils, and waxes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are ____________________________________________________ made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids contain even more _____________________________________ than carbohydrates. Cells store _____________________________________in lipids for later use. For example, during winter a dormant bear lives on the _______________________________ ___________________________ within its cells. Cholesterol _____________________________________ is an important component of animal cell membranes. You body requires a certain amount of this _____________________________. Your _____________________________produces enough cholesterol to meet your body’s needs. However, many of the _____________________________________ also contain cholesterol. Excess amounts of cholesterol can collect along the walls of __________________________ and _________________________________the flow of blood. Foods that come from animals: such as ___________________________________________________ are high in cholesterol. Nucleic Acids ____________________________ are very large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the __________________________________ that cells need to carry out all the ______________________________________ of life. There are two kids of nucleic acids: _____________________________________________________ is the ___________________________________________ that carries information about an organism that is passed from parent to offspring. The information in DNA also __________________________________ the cell’s functions. Most of the DNA is found in the _____________________________________ in the nucleus. RNA plays an important role in the ___________________________________________________. RNA is found in the _____________________________________________________________________ Water Without ______________________________________, most chemical reactions within cells could not take place. Water molecules themselves take part in many _______________________________________ in cells. Water helps cells keep their _______________________________________________________. Water also helps keep the _____________________________________________________ of cells from changing rapidly.