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C. James Goodwin
A history of modern psychology
CONTENTS
KEY DATE BOXES-DATE SUMMARY
PREFACE
xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xv
CHAPTER 1
HISTORY
1
ix
INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY'S
Psychology and Its History 2
Why Study History? 4
Why Study Psychology's History? 7
Key Issues in Psychology's History 8
Old Versus New History 9
Presentism Versus Historicism 9
Internal Versus External History 11
Personalistic Versus Naturalistic History
Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968)
14
This Book's Point of View 16
Historiography: Doing and Writing History 17
Sources of Historical Data 18
Problems with the Writing of History 20
Data Selection Problems 20
Interpretation Problems 22
Approaching Historical Truth 24
CHAPTER 2
David Hume (1711-1776): The Rules
of Association 46
David Hartley (1705-1757): A Physiological
Associationism 48
Close-Up: Raising a Philosopher 50
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the Verge
of Psychological Science 51
Mill's Psychology 52
Mill's Logic 54
Rationalist Responses to Empiricism 55
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) 56
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 57
In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations 58
THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT
13
CHAPTER 3
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTEXT:
EARLY RESEARCH ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
28
A Long Past 29
Descartes: The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy
and Science 30
Descartes and the Rationalist Argument 31
The Cartesian System: Rationalism, Nativism,
and Mechanistic Interactionism 33
Descartes on the Reflex and Mind-Body
Interaction 34
The British Empiricist Argument and the
Associationists 37
John Locke (1632-1704): The Origins of British
Empiricism 38
Locke on Human Understanding 38
Locke on Education 42
George Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism
Applied to Vision 43
British Associationism 46
62
Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment 63
Functioning of the Nervous System 64
Reflex Action 65
The Bell-Magendie Law 66
The Specific Energies of Nerves 68
Helmholtz: The Physiologist's Physiologist 69
Measuring the Speed of Neural Impulses 70
Helmholtz on Vision and Audition 71
Helmholtz and the Problem of
Perception 73
Localization of Brain Function 75
The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim 75
Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology
79
Flourens and the Method of Ablation 81
The Clinical Method 82
The Remarkable Phineas Gage 82
Broca Discovers the Speech Center 83
Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation 85
Early Twentieth-Century Studies of the Nervous System
and Behavior 87
Neuron Theory 87
Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse 89
Karl Lashley: Learning and the Cortex 90
Equipotentiality and Mass Action 91
In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior 94
iii
iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
PSYCHOLOGY
WUNDT AND GERMAN
98
An Education in Germany
99
On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology:
Psychophysics
100
Ernst Weber (1795-1878)
101
Two-Point Thresholds
101
Weber's Law
101
Gustav Fechner (1801-1889) 103
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics
105
Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig
107
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a New
Science
107
Wundt's Conception of the New Psychology 110
Studying Immediate Conscious
Experience
110
Studying Higher Mental Processes
111
Inside Wundt's Laboratory
112
Sensation and Perception 112
Mental Chronometry 113
Close-Up: An American in Leipzig
116
Rewriting History: The New and Improved
Wilhelm Wundt
117
The Source of the Problem
118
The Rediscovery of Wundt
118
The Real Wundt
119
The Wundtian Legacy
120
The New Psychology Spreads
120
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): The
Experimental Study of Memory
120
Other Contributions by Ebbinghaus
125
G. E. Müller (1850-1934): The Experimentalist
Prototype 125
Oswald Külpe (1862-1915): The Würzburg
School
127
Mental Sets and Imageless Thoughts
128
In Perspective: A New Science 129
CHAPTER 5
THINKING
DARWIN'S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY
132
The Species Problem
133
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the Theory of
The Shaping of a Naturalist
135
The Voyage of the Beagle
136
Darwin the Geologist
137
Darwin the Zoologist
138
The Galápagos Islands 138
The Evolution of Darwin's Theory
139
Darwin's Delay
142
Elements of the Theory of Evolution
144
After the Origin of Species
145
Darwin and Psychology's History
147
The Origins of Comparative Psychology
148
Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional
Expressions
148
Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental
Study of Instinct
150
George Romanes (1848-1894): The Anecdotal
Method 152
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936): The Principle
of Parsimony
153
Comparative Psychology in America
Studying Individual Differences
156
155
Francis Gallon (1822-1911): Jack of All
Sciences
156
The Nature of Intelligence 157
The Anthropometric Laboratory
159
Investigating Imagery and Association
In Perspective: Darwin's Century 162
CHAPTER 6
AMERICAN PIONEERS
161
166
Psychology in Nineteenth-Century America
Faculty Psychology
167
167
American Psychology's First Textbook
168
The Modern University
169
Education for Women and Minorities 170
William James (1842-1910): America's First
Psychologist
174
The Formative Years
175
A Life at Harvard
176
Creating American Psychology's Most Famous
Textbook
178
On Methodology
179
Consciousness
180
Habit 181
Emotion 181
James's Later Years
183
Spiritualism
184
Summing Up William James
185
G. Stanlęy H a l l (1844-1924): Professionalizing:
the New Psychology
185
Hall's Early Life and Education
187
From Johns Hopkins to Clark 188
Psychology at Clark
189
Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning
191
CONTENTS
Hall and Developmental Psychology 192
Hall and Psychoanalysis 194
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging
the Male Monopoly 195
Calkins's Life and Work 195
Graduate Education for Females 195
Calkins's Research on Association 196
From Psychology to Philosophy 198
Other Women Pioneers: Untold Lives 199
Christine Ladd-Franklin ( 1847-1930) 199
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) 200
Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin 201
George Trumbull Ladd (1842-1921) 201
James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) 202
In Perspective: The New Psychology at
the Millennium 203
CHAPTER 7
STRUCTURALISM AND
FUNCTIONALISM
208
Titchener's Psychology: Structuralism 209
From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell 210
Promoting Experimental Psychology at
Cornell 211
The Manuals 211
The Experimentalists 214
Titchener's Structuralist System 217
Close-Up: The Introspective Attitude
219
The Structural Elements of Human Conscious
Experience 220
Evaluating Titchener's Contributions to
Psychology 221
America's Psychology: Functionalism 222
The Chicago Functionalists 224
John Dewey (1859-1952): The Reflex
Arc 225
James R. Angell (1869-1949): The Province
of Functional Psychology 227
Harvey Carr (1873-1954): The Maturing
of Functionalism 230
The Columbia Functionalists 231
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949):
Connectionism 231
Thorndike on Puzzle Box Learning 233
The Thorndike-Mills Controversy 237
Robert S. Woodworm (1869-1962):
A Dynamic Psychology 238
In Perspective: Structuralism and
Functionalism 241
CHAPTER 8
PSYCHOLOGY
v
APPLYING THE NEW
245
Pressures Toward Application 246
The Mental Testing Movement 248
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American
Galton 249
Alfred Binet (1857-1911): The Birth of
Intelligence Testing 253
The Binet-Simon Scales 255
Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957): Binet's Test
Comes to America 257
The Kallikaks 258
Goddard and the Immigrants 261
Lewis M. Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing
IQ 262
The Stanford-Binet IQ Test 263
Terman Studies the Gifted 264
Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted
Children and Debunking Myths about Women 266
Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army Testing
Program 2 6 8
Army Alpha and Army Beta 270
The Controversy Over Intelligence 275
Applying Psychology to Business 277
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916): The Diversity
of Applied Psychology 278
Münsterberg and Employee Selection 280
Other Leading Industrial Psychologists 283
Walter Van Dyke Bingham
(1880-1952) 283
Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) 284
Harry Hollingworth (1880-1956) 285
In Perspective: Applied Psychology 286
CHAPTER 9
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
290
The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt
Psychology 291
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding Gestalt
Psychology 2 9 3
Koffka (1886-1941) and Köhler (1887-1967):
The Co-Founders 296
Close-Up: A Case of Espionage?
297
Gestalt Psychology and Perception 299
Principles of Perceptual Organization 299
Behavioral Versus Geographic Environments 302
Psychophysical Isomorphism 302
The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning 303
Köhler on Insight in Apes 303
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CONTENTS
Wertheimer on Productive Thinking 305
Other Gestalt Research on Cognition 306
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the Gestalt
Vision 308
Early Life and Career 309
Field Theory 310
The Zeigarnik Effect 312
Lewin as Developmental Psychologist 312
Lewin as Social Psychologist 315
Action Research 317
Evaluating Lewin 318
In Perspective: Gestalt Psychology in America 319
CHAPTER
10
BEHAVIORISM
THE ORIGINS OF
323
Behaviorism's Antecedents 324
Pavlov's Life and Work 326
The Development of a Physiologist 326
Working in Pavlov's Laboratory 328
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Research 330
Conditioning and Extinction 331
Generalization and Differentiation 332
Experimental Neurosis 332
A Program of Research 333
Pavlov and the Soviets 334
Pavlov and the Americans 335
Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov's Apparatus
335
John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism 337
The Young Functionalist at Chicago 338
The Watson/Carr Maze Studies 339
Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins 341
Watson and Animal Behavior 341
Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto 342
Watson's APA Presidential address 344
Studying Emotional Development 345
The Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little
Albert 346
A New Life in Advertising 350
Popularizing Behaviorism 352
Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism 353
In Perspective: Behaviorism's Origins 354
CHAPTER 11
THE EVOLUTION
OF BEHAVIORISM
358
Post-Watsonian Behaviorism 359
Logical Positivism and Operationism
Neobehaviorism 362
360
Edward С. Tolman (1886-1959): A Purposive
Behaviorism 364
Tolman's System 365
Molar Versus Molecular Behavior 366
Goal-Directedness 366
Intervening Variables 367
Tolman's Research Program 369
Latent Learning 369
Cognitive Maps 371
Evaluating Tolman 373
Clark Hull (1884-1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive
System 375
Hull's System 378
Postulate 4: Habit Strength 379
Reaction Potential 380
Evaluating Hull 380
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A Radical
Behaviorism 383
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 384
Operant Conditioning: A Primer 385
Skinner and Theory 388
Skinner and the Problem of Explanation 389
A Technology of Behavior 391
Close-Up: A Skinnerian Utopia 392
Evaluating Skinner 393
In Perspective: Neobehaviorism 394
CHAPTER 12 MENTAL ILLNESS AND ITS
TREATMENT 399
Early Treatment of the Mentally 111 400
"Enlightened" Reform: Pinel, Tuke, Rush,
and Itard 401
Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers 404
Close-Up: Diagnosing Mental Illness 407
Mesmerism and Hypnosis 408
Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism 408
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis 410
The Hypnotism Controversies 411
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding
Psychoanalysis 414
Early Life and Education 415
Breuer and the Catharsis Method 416
Creating Psychoanalysis 418
The Importance of Sex 420
Psychoanalysis Enters the Twentieth
Century 421
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory 422
Freud's Followers: Loyalty and Dissent 424
CONTENTS
Psychoanalysis in America
Freud in Perspective 428
Contributions 428
Criticisms
429
Clinical Psychology in America
Influences Within Psychology
471
Influences External to Psychology
472
Close-Up: What Revolution?
475
426
Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE
Units 476
Neisser and the "Naming" of Cognitive
430
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating
Psychology's First Clinic
430
Clinical Psychology Prior to World War II
In Perspective: Treating Mental Illness 435
CHAPTER 13
PRACTITIONERS
433
The Brain and Behavior
Researchers and Practitioners 440
The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology
441
The Boulder Model 442
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Traditional
Psychotherapy
444
Close-Up: The Medical Strategy—Lobotomies,
Transorbital and Otherwise
445
Behavior Therapy
447
The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered
Therapy
450
The Vail Conference and the Psy.D. Degree
Psychology and the World of Business
and Industry 455
485
486
Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)
Social Psychology
489
Leon Festinger (1919-1989)
Personality Psychology
493
487
490
Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
494
Developmental Psychology
497
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
497
In Perspective: Psychological Science 500
CHAPTER 15
AND PRESENT
453
460
CHAPTER 14
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
IN THE POST-WAR ERA
464
LINKING PSYCHOLOGY'S PAST
504
The Growth and Diversity of Psychology
505
Women in Psychology's History
505
Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)
506
Minorities in Psychology's History
508
Kenneth B. (1914-2005) and Mamie Phipps
Clark (1917-1983)
509
Trends in Contemporary Psychology 511
The Future: Psychology or Psychologies? 512
465
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology
465
Frederick С Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing
Memory
466
Bartlett on Memory 467
A Convergence of Influences
470
481
448
457
In Perspective: Psychologists as Practitioners
Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again)
Psychology
480
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Artificial Intelligence
483
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology
Other Research Areas
486
PSYCHOLOGY'S
439
The Hawthorne Studies
vii
REFERENCES
516
GLOSSARY
542
PHOTO, TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
NAME INDEX
559
SUBJECT INDEX
564
555
KEY DATE BOXES-DATE SUMMARY
Chapter 2 1843
Chapter 3 1861
Chapter 4 1879
Chapter 5 1859
Chapter 6 1890
Chapter 7 1906
Chapter 8 1917
Chapter 9 1929
Chapter 10 1913
Chapter 11 1953
Chapter 12 1900
Chapter 13 1949
Chapter 14 1932
(Mill's Logic) 53
(Broca's "Tan") 85
(Wundt's lab) 109
(Darwin's Origin) 143
(James's Principles) 179
(Angell's APA address) 227
(Army testing program) 270
(International Yale conference) 313
(Watson's manifesto) 342
(Skinner's Science and Human Behavior) 390
(Freud's dream book) 420
(Boulder conference) 444
(Barlett's memory book) 472
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