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Name: _________________________________ Date: _____________________ Natural Selection Enviro 2 Go 6.2.4.2, 6.2.4.3, 6.2.4.4 Objective- You should be able to: Explain how species change overtime Define natural selection Describe Charles Darwin’s observations Describe the peppered moth case study Important Vocabulary Variation Adaptation Traits Survival of the Fittest Evolution Natural Selection Natural Selection An important ___________________ in explaining how ____________________ ________________________________. Helps maintain ________________________________________________. Charles Darwin’s Observations 1. Organisms have the ability to produce more ________________________ than can usually _______________________. 2. Members of the ______________ species normally have slight _________________ called variations. (They are not all identical!) 3. Members of a species must ______________________ with each other and with other species to survive. Some organisms cannot successfully compete for limited resources. 4. Some members of a species have ________________ that are helpful for survival, called ________________________. Other traits are not helpful for survival. 5. Those organisms ___________________________ that are ___________________ ___________________________________ are more likely to _____________________ ___________________________________ than those without these traits. 6. The ability to ___________________________________________ establishes the population for the ___________ generation. Survival of the Fittest Natural selection is sometimes referred to as “___________________________.” Being “fit” means that an organism has ______________________, __________ that help it to _________________________. More importantly, being “fit” means that the organisms are able to ___________ _________________________ onto the _____________ generation. Examples: Remember This!!! Natural Selection explains how a species may change over time. The change is created because of successful reproduction. The organism most “fit” for an environment is most likely to be the one to successfully reproduce and have offspring that mature into adults and reproduce. Interesting Science Fact After talking to local farmers, Charles Darwin discovered that the farmers had been using artificial selection for centuries. The farmers and ranchers never allowed their stock to reproduce on their own. Instead the farmers and ranchers always allowed their best plants and animals to reproduce, but did not allow the weak ones to reproduce. This type of reproduction creates stronger, better produce and livestock. The Process of Natural Selection ______________ are passed from ___________________ to _______________ Those organisms that _____________________ pass on the _____________ for those _______________ that helped them _____________________. Organisms ________________________ those traits helpful for survival are less likely to ________________________, so their genes are __________ likely to be passed on to the next generation. Organisms that can survive long enough to reproduce are able to determine the ____________________________ of the _______________________________. Question 1: How does the successful reproduction of an organism affect the next generation? Question 2: How does the unsuccessful reproduction of an organism affect the next generation? Remember This!!! Only those organisms able to reproduce affect the next generation. Organisms that reproduce pass their unique traits in the form of genes on to the next generation; therefore the next generation inherits genes that helped the previous generation to survive. Natural Selection and the Environment If the _____________________________ stays the same, then natural selection favors organisms with certain _____________________________. Organisms with these adaptations (traits) _____________________ and _____________________________. Organisms that do __________ possess these traits may ___________________ long enough to ____________________________. The population __________________ to the __________________________ over time through ___________________________ or the failure to reproduce. What happens if the environment changes? When the _________________________ changes (which it almost always is), then other ______________________ might be favored. The traits that helped an organism survive in one environment may not help in another situation. Example: Peppered Moth Study There are two types of peppered moths: Normally, they are found in ______________ amounts in forested areas of England. During the Industrial Age, the _______________ variety almost became extinct in areas around the factories because the factories produced large amounts of black soot that covered everything for miles. The ____________ moths were able to ____________ on trees and it became hard for their predators to find them. The ________________ variety was very easy to see and the _____________________ had no trouble finding and eating them. Therefore, only the ___________ moths ____________________ long enough to _______________________. As the environment changed, it favored the dark color over the white color. In areas where the environment had not changed, both moth variations were found with the same population numbers. The ___________________________ determined which variation would __________________ long enough to ____________________. The next ____________________________ were almost exclusively dark colored peppered moths. Question 3: Predict what might happen to the population of the white and dark moths if the factories covered the landscape with a white soot instead of a black soot. Question 4: Explain how a changing environment affects the population of the organisms living in that area. Question 5: Compare how a changing population and a non-changing population affect the organisms that live in the area. Evolution There is much evidence that the Earth has changed greatly over the last 4.6 billion years. _________________________________ has continually favored the ___________________ of organisms with ______________________ that make them suited to their __________________________. However, since the environment has changed, the species have changed. This is referred to as _______________________. Test Yourself: Matching ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. natural selection variation adaptations fit survival of the fittest a. Traits that help an organism survive b. An organism that has adaptations c. A phrase to describe natural selection d. The process that explains how species change over time e. Differences among individuals of the same species Test Yourself: True or False _____ 1. In order to understand natural selection, several observations must be understood together. _____ 2. Organisms have the ability to produce very few offspring. _____ 3. Organisms have the ability to produce more offspring than can usually survive. _____ 4. Variations are traits that help an organism survive. _____ 5. Variations are traits that do not help an organism survive. _____ 6. Variations are differences among members of the same species. _____ 7. All members of the same species are identical. _____ 8. Members of a species must compete only with organisms of other species. _____ 9. Members of a species must compete with members of their own species and members of other species. _____ 10. Adaptations are traits that do not help an organism survive. _____ 11. Adaptations are differences among members of the same species. _____ 12. Adaptations are traits that help an organism survive. _____ 13. Organisms have an equal chance of surviving and reproducing. _____ 14. Organisms with adaptations have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than organisms without adaptations. _____ 15. A fit organism is more likely to survive and reproduce than a less fit organism. _____ 16. Evolution is the changing of species over time. _____ 17. Natural selection has little to do with evolution. _____ 18. Natural selection explains how species can change over time. Test Yourself: Fill in the Blank Natural selection Adaptation Reproduction evolution variation compete fit survive 1. ______________ is the process often describe as “survival of the fittest.” 2. _____________ is the changing of species over time. 3. Organisms must _______________ to survive. 4. Those organisms that are more ________ have more traits that help them survive. 5. A trait that helps an organism survive is called an __________________. 6. Since there is ______________ in a population, not all organisms are identical. 7. Some organisms are more likely to ________ because of their adaptations. 8. Organisms that survive long enough to _______________ can pass on the genes for their adaptations to their offspring. Test Yourself: Short Answer 1. What is a variation? 2. What is an adaptation? Give an example. 3. What are the five observations that explain natural selection? 4. How does natural selection change a population?