* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download MHC Recognition MHC Recognition DuPont Essay Rough Draft
Survey
Document related concepts
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in learning and memory wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
MHC Recognition 1 MHC Recognition DuPont Essay Rough Draft buffalowings321 What does MHC do to mice? What is MHC? It controls their lifestyle from birth to mating and even to raising pups of their own. Communal nesting is observed in mice as a means of efficiently raising their young. By communally nursing, parents are able to care for their young with less if not no effort at all. What is communal nesting So how does MHC play a role? MHC affects kin recognition leading kin to nest together and nonrelatives to mate. The world of mice is more intricate than we think for their daily routine revolves around the MHC gene and their lives depend on it. MHC is a gene that helps distinguish kin and thus allows for mice to communally nest with MHC-similar mice and not to mate with MHC-similar mice. Explain MHC in intro. Makes intro easier to understand.(Penn & Potts, 1999) Nesting with MHC-similar mice is a natural instinct of mice because it increases inclusive fitness. What’s inclusive fitness? MHC-similar mice also choose not to mate together in order to ensure genetic diversity. (Manning, Potts, & Wakeland, 1991) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene that produces molecules on the surfaces of cells which function during immune recognition Placing this sentence as the second sentence of the paragraph helps the paragraph flow better. However they also serve as two major requirements of identifying genetics based on kin recognition. (Manning, Potts, & Wakeland, 1992) MHC is identified from mouse to mouse through a form of physical discrimination which creates unique scents for each gene Fix grammar in sentence. These individual odors are emitted by genes allowing for these preferences to be made. The MHC gene is also of unprecedented genetic diversity making it useful in the resolution of genetic MHC Recognition 2 relationships. The female partners that nest together share the allelic forms of MHC. Their genotypes, the genes, and haplotypes, a group of alleles of different genes that are closely placed together and therefore tend to be inherited together, affect the process What are alleles?. They play roles in determining a dam’s best choice of communal nesting partners. Nesting patterns are of crucial importance to the raising and caring of young pups I thought this was about mice. Please explain what a pup is. Some pups are prone to infanticide at birth due to the tendency of some territorial males to kill those pups that are not from his territory. (Dewsbury, Manning, Potts, & Wakeland, 1995) This already reduces the number of pups in a nest and in order to benefit the survival of the remaining pups, it is in the interest of the dams to communally nest What are dams?. Communal nesting diminishes the necessity of wasting time and energy on the parents’ side. However communal nursing is a responsibility shared amongst the females that involve the care of each individual pup You explain the effects of communal nesting but not what communal nesting really is. (Saylor & Salmon, 1971) The pups must be indiscriminately provided for and nurtured equally and not based upon physical or genotypic characteristics. These offspring have a higher chance of survival by being the products of communal nesting. Their exposure to many dams creates many forms of immunity from the milk of the female mice as well as the mass of many different mice in a single area. However it has been shown that mothers that communally nurse do discriminate against pups that are of different age or size than their own offspring. (Potts, Manning, & Wakeland, 1994) This is detrimental to the main function and purpose of a communal MHC Recognition 3 nest which can cause some pups to be at a disadvantage instead of the intended advantages Fix grammar in this sentence. Communal nesting is truly beneficial to mice and many other rodents as a means of raising young. The role that the MHC-gene plays is major as it distinguishes between partners for nesting and living together as well as mates with whom offspring are produced. Mating is disassortative for the benefit of the offspring just like communal nesting is carried out to efficiently raise young. As parents, there is a notion to live for the next generation and it is clearly visible in the lives of house mice. MHC based communal nesting as well as mating and their effects are in the interest of the new generation. No Word Count BURGERKING2 References: Dewsbury, D.A., Manning, C.J., Potts, W.K., & Wakeland, E.K. (1995). Communal nesting and communal nursing in house mice, Mus musculus domesticus. Animal Behaviour, 50, 741-751. Ilmonen, P., Penn, D., Damjanovich K., Morrison L., Ghotbi L., & Potts, W.K. (2007). Major histocompatibility complex heterozygosity reduces fitness in experimentally infected mice. Genetics 176, 2501-2508 I need this * Manning, C.J., Potts, W.K., & Wakeland, E.K. (1992). Communal nesting patterns in mice implicate MHC genes in kin recognition. Nature, 360, 581-583. Manning, C.J., Potts, W.K., & Wakeland, E.K. (1991).Mating patterns in MHC Recognition 4 seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype. Nature, 352, 619- 621 Penn, D. & Potts W.K. (1999) The evolution of MHC-disassortative mating preferences. American Naturalist, 153, 145-164. Potts, W.K., Manning C.J., & Wakeland, E.K. (1994). The role of infectious disease, inbreeding and mating preferences in maintaining MHC genetic diversity: an experimental test. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 346, 369-378 Sayler, A., & Salmon, M. (1971) An Ethological analysis of communal nursing by the house mouse (Mus musculus). Behaviour, 40, 62-85.