Download Metabolic Processes Unit

Metabolic Processes Unit
CHEMISTRY
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Organic Chemistry
o Functional Groups (What is an aldehyde?)
o Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis reactions (How do disaccharides
form?)
Basic biological molecules (How are lipids unique?)
Enzymes (What is competetive inhibition?)
Energy of reactions (What kind of reactions are spontaneous at all temperatures?)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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ATP (How does substrate level phosphorylation differ from oxidative phosphorylation?)
Reduce Co-enzymes (What is the role of NADH?)
4 Steps of Cellular Respiration
o Glycolysis (How does glycolysis differ from the other 3 steps?)
o Pyruvate oxidation (What 3 changes occur during this stage?)
o Kreb’s Cycle (Where is the CO2 generated in cellular respiration?)
o Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis (Why is there an
electrochemical gradient set up?)
Fermentation (Why is pyruvate converted to lactic acid when oxygen is not available?)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The leaf (Where in the leaf does most photosynthesis occur?)
Light and pigments (What does the activity spectrum of chlorophyll show? What is a
photosystem?)
Calvin cycle, Light independent reactions, Carbon fixation. (What the inputs and the
outputs of the Calvin Cycle?)
Light Dependent Reactions (How do these reactions affect the Calvin cycle?)
Photorespiration (What conditions promote photorespiration? Give one strategy plants
employ to reduce the effects of photorespiration?)
Part A Multiple Choice
1.
The structure represents which functional group?
a. amino
OH
b. carbonyl
c. carboxyl
C
d. hydroxyl
O
e. sulhydryl
2.
In humans, the function of glycogen is to
a. control osmotic levels
b. digest lipids
c. keep glucose available
d. synthesis proteins
e. all of the above.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The primary structure of a protein involves
a. the coiling or pleating of the amino acid chain.
b. the sequence of amino acids that make up the
protein.
c. the bonding that occurs between different parts of
the chain.
d. the joining of different polypeptide chains to form
the final protein.
e. All of the above.
Which of the following is held together by glycosidic
linkages?
a. cellulose
b. DNA
c. globular proteins
d. RNA
e. trigylcerides.
In which of the following would you least expect to find
anaerobic respiration?
a. In the sediments at the bottom of a pond
b. A vat in which beer is being manufactured.
c. In a runner’s leg muscles in the 400 m dash.
d. In a human brain while writing an examination.
e. Inside a bacterium living in the human intestine.
Which of the following reactions is most likely to occur
spontaneously?
a. one that is exothermic and increases entropy
b. one that is exothermic and decreases entropy
c. one that is endothermic and increases entropy
d. one that is endothermic and decreases entropy
e. all of the above are equally likely to occur
spontaneously
The energy of a chemical bond is
a. the amount of energy released when the bond is
broken.
b. the amount of energy needed to break the bond.
c. the amount of energy released when the bond
forms.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
The following molecules can be found at various stages
during cellular respiration:
I acetyl-CoA
II carbon dioxide
III glucose
IV glyceraldehyde
V pyruvate
8.
Which of the following sequences represents the above
molecules in order from the largest to the smallest
amount of chemical energy?
a. II, I, V, IV, III
b. III, IV, V, I, II
c. III, IV, I, V, II
d. III, I, V, IV, II
e. IV, III, II, I, V
9.
What is the function of oxygen in oxidative
phosphorylation?
a. accept electrons at the end of the ETC
b. hydrolyze carbohydrates
c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of
glycolysis
d. supply hydrogen ions
e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP
10. The transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to
ADP by an enzyme is called
a. Chemiosmosis.
b. Oxidation-Reduction.
c. Oxidative Phosphorylation.
d. Photophosphorylation.
e. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
11. Generally, during glycolysis
a. A 6-carbon sugar is converted to 3 2-carbon
molecules.
b. A 6-carbon molecule is converted to to 6 CO2
molecules.
c. A 6-carbon molecule is converted to 2 3-carbon
molecules.
d. A 6-carbon molecule is converted to a 5-carbon
molecule and a CO2.
e. A 6-carbon molecule is converted to a 4-carbon
molecule and 2 CO2 molecules.
12. CO2 is generated
a. in glycolysis and krebs cycle.
b. in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation.
c. in pyruvate oxidation and kreb’s cycle.
d. in kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain.
e. in pyruvate oxidation and the electron transport
chain.
13. What percentage of the potential energy of glucose is
trapped in ATP during glycolysis?
a. About 2%
b. About 10%
c.
d.
e.
About 20%
About 35%
About 50%
14. When ATP or NADH levels in the cell is high, acetylCoA may be used to make
a. fats.
b. glucose.
c. proteins.
d. pyruvate.
e. starch.
15. Which statement about pyruvate oxidation is true?
a. It is the only step in aerobic respiration that is
endergonic.
b. It produces no useable energy, directly or
indirectly.
c. It involves the conversion of a 3-Carbon molecule
into a 2-Carbon molecule.
d. It requires the addition of inorganic phosphate.
e. None of the above statements is true.
16. The electron transport chain converts the potential
energy collected by NADH and FADH2 into
a. The kinetic energy of CO2 molecules.
b. The kinetic energy of ATP molecules.
c. The kinetic energy of water molecules.
d. The potential energy in a water molecule.
e. The potential energy of an electrochemical
gradient.
17. Which sequence of words fill the blanks of the
following statement.
___________________ is produced by _______________
when oxygen levels are ____________, in order to
regenerate __________ for glycolysis.
a. Lactate; yeast; high; ADP
b. Ethanol; yeast; low; NAD+
c. Lactate; muscles; high; ADP
d. Ethanol; muscles; high; NAD+
e. Lactate; muscles; low; glucose
18. In our muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate when
oxygen is not available because
a. lactate is less toxic than pyruvate.
b. that reaction generates ATP.
c. it replenishes the supply of NAD+.
d. it allows NADH to move to the electron transport
chain.
e. none of the above.
19. Stomates open and close in response to
a. carbon dioxide levels.
b. glucose levels.
c. light levels.
d. oxygen levels.
e. water levels.
20. Photosynthesis occurs mainly in which of the following
leaf parts.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cuticle
epidermal cells
mesophyll cells
vascular bundle cells.
All of the above.
21. Which of the following is not a raw material for
photosynthesis?
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Water
c. ADP
d. NADP+
e. Oxygen
22. The role of the light reactions is
a. To capture light energy and produce glucose.
b. Provide electrons for chemiosmosis.
c. Provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin
cycle.
d. To convert light to sugar.
e. All of the above.
23. The oxygen given off from photosynthesis comes from
a. carbon dioxide.
b. glucose.
c. water.
d. all of the above.
e. a anc c only.
24. ATP is generated as
a. H+ ions enter the thylakoid space.
b. H+ ions exit the thylakoid space.
c. NADH is oxidized.
d. Electrons leave the reaction centre.
e. All of the above.
25. Water molecules are split to release electrons during
a. The light reactions.
b. The Calvin cycle
c. Photorespiration.
d. Carbon fixation.
e. None of the above.
26. Which of the following is not a destination for the G3P
produced in the Calvin cycle?
a. Regenerating ribulose bisphosphate
b. To make glucose for use within the cell.
c. To produce amylase and amylopectin for storage
within the chloroplast.
d. To produce sucrose for transport thoughout the
plant.
e. All of the above are destinations for G3P.
27. Photorespiration is more likely to occur
a. As the temperature drops.
b. As oxygen level in the leaf rise.
c. As carbon dioxide levels within the leaf rise.
d. As moisture levels in the leaf rise.
e. None of the above.
Part B - Factual Questions (Answer all of the following questions. Point form may be used.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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7.
Glycolysis is described as catabolic and anabolic. What is meant by these distinctions?
Describe two ways enzyme action can be controlled in a cell.
Desribe how the cycling of ATP in the cell can transfer energy.
Describe how ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
List the 4 steps of cellular respiration and list two facts about each.
How does Kreb’s cycle differ from Calvin Cycle?
What is photorespiration?
Part C - Explanations (Answer 3 of the following questions. (6 Marks Each)
8. Why are enzymes vital for the process of cellular respiration?
9. Membranes play a key role in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Describe the roles of
membranes in these processes.
1c
2c
3b
4a
5d
6a
7c
8b
9a
10e
11c
12c
13a
15c
16e
17b
18c
19e
20c
21e
22c
23c
24b
25a
26e
27b
14a