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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Abnormal Behavior: The medical model What is abnormal behavior? Deviant Maladaptive Causing personal distress Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4) Five Axes Axis I – Clinical Syndromes Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation Axis III – General Medical Conditions Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder “free-floating anxiety” Phobic disorder Specific focus of fear Panic disorder and agoraphobia Obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessions Compulsions Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Biological factors Genetic predisposition GABA circuits in the brain Conditioning and learning Acquired through classical conditioning Maintained through operant conditioning Cognitive factors Judgments of perceived threat Stress—a precipitator Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13 Somatoform Disorders Physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors Somatization Disorder Marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin Conversion Disorder Characterized by a significant loss of physical function (with no apparent organic basis) Hypochondriasis Hypochondria Characterized by excessive preoccupation with one’s health and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses Etiology of somatoform disorders Cognitive factors Personality factors The sick role Dissociative Disorders A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity. Dissociative Amnesia A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting Dissociative Fugue When a person lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities Etiology Stress Severe emotional trauma during childhood Controversy Media creation? Mood Disorders A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social and thought processes Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic disorder People show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure Bipolar Disorder Cyclothymic disorder Marked by experience of both depressed ans manic periods Etiology Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13 Schizophrenia Encompass a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior General symptoms Delusions and irrational thought Deterioration of adaptive behavior Distorted perception Disturbed emotion Subtyping of Schizophrenia Four subtypes Paranoid type Catatonic type Disorganized type Undifferentiated type New model for classification Positive vs. negative symptoms Etiology of Schizophrenia Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of the brain The neurodevelopmental hypothesis Expressed emotion Precipitating stress Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13 Culture and Pathology Abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups Cultural variations Culture bound disorders Koro – an obsessive fear that one’s penis will withdraw into one’s abdomen o Only seen in Chinese males in Malaya Windigo – intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a cannibal o Only seen among Algonquin Indians Anorexia nervosa – intense fear of becoming fat o Seen exclusively in affluent Western cultures Mangefrida PSY101 Chapter 13