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EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli EESC116301_15UFinalExamNAME:____KEY___________________________________ Instructions:Answerallquestionsonthisquestionnaire. PartOne:Definitions(2.5pointseach)[5points] 1.Mineral–naturallyoccurring,inorganiccrystallinesolidwithdefinedchemical compositon. 2.Rock–aggregate(mixture)ofoneormorerocks MultipleChoice:(2pointseach)[60points] 3.Whyishumanpopulationgrowthoftenconsideredtheforemostenvironmentalproblem? a) Earthwillrunoutofopenlandspacewithinthenext50years. b) Increasingpopulationstrainsresourcesandcreatesadditionalwastes. c) Thereisnowaytoprovidefoodforadditionalpeople. d) ThereisinsufficientoxygenproductiononEarthformorethan10billionpeople. 4.Whatisatheory? a) Apossibleexplanationforasetofobservations b) Ahypothesisthathaswithstoodextensivetesting c) Asetofideasthatunifiesafieldofinquiry d) Anideathatisbasedonlyonlogicalthought 5.Whatistheaverageresidencetime? a) Theaveragetimerequiredforthetotalstockofamaterialtobecycledthrougha system. b) Theaveragetimethatahumanpopulationcanstayinanareabeforeenvironmental conditionsforcethemtomove. c) Theaveragetimerequiredforanopensystemtoconverttoaclosedsystem. d) Theaveragetimeforasystemtorunoutofenergy. EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 6.Whatisexponentialgrowth? a) Growththatoccursataconstantrate b) Growththatislogarithmicinnature c) Growththatoccursasaconstantpercentageoftheexistingamount d) Growththatdoublestheexistingnumber 7.WhatistheprincipaldifferencebetweenEarth’sinnercoreandoutercore? a) Theinnercoreconsistsmainlyofironandnickel,whiletheoutercoreconsistsmainly ofsilicateminerals. b) Theinnercoreconsistsmainlyofsilicateminerals,whiletheoutercoreconsistsmainly ofironandnickel. c) Theinnercoreissolid,whiletheoutercoreisliquid. d) Theinnercoreisliquid,whiletheoutercoreissolid. 8HowdoseismologistsknowEarth’soutercoreisliquid? a) Pwavesarerefracteduponarrivalintheoutercore. b) Swavesareabsorbeduponarrivalintheoutercore. c) BothSwavesandPwavesspeedupintheoutercore. d) BothSwavesandPwavesslowdownintheoutercore. 9.Howdomagneticstripesontheoceanfloorserveasevidenceforseafloorspreading? a) Theirsymmetryoneithersideofthemid-oceanridgeshowsthat newcrustiscreated,thensplit. b) TheirpatternsshowthatEarth’smagneticfieldreverseseveryfew hundredyears,onaverage. c) Theyshowthatislandarcvolcanismcreatesnewoceaniccrustatthe mid-oceanridges. d) Theirsymmetryoneithersideofmid-oceanridgesshowsthattransform boundariesareslidingboundaries. 10.TheMohorovicicdiscontinuityrepresents a) theboundarybetweeninnerandoutercores. b) theboundarybetweenlithosphereandhydrosphere. c) theboundarybetweenoutercoreandmantle. d) theboundarybetweenmantleandcrust. EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 11.Transformplateboundariesaremarkedby a) volcanicislandarcs. b) consumptionofoceaniccrust. c) creationofoceaniccrust. d) twoplatesslidingrelativetooneanother. 12.Atconvergentboundaries___________ a) theplateofhighdensitysubductsintothemantle b) theplateoflowerdensitysubductsintothemantle c) newoceaniccrustiscreated d) magneticstripesaregeneratedinoceanicrocks 13.Theoccurrenceofthesamefossilsondifferentcontinentsareattributedtowhattheory? a) Theoryofevolution b) Theoryofplatetectonics c) Thegreatimpacttheory d) Thedynamictheoryofgravity 14.Inwhatwayistherockcycleintertwinedwithplatetectonics? a) Platetectonicprocessescontroltherock-formingprocesses prevalentatplateboundaries. b) Platetectonicprocessesaredirectlyresponsibleforweathering. c) Platetectonicprocessesareresponsiblefortheinternalheatthatcauses metamorphismandmelting. d) Platetectonicprocessesaredirectlyresponsibleforsedimentdeposition. 15.Intrusiveigneousrocksdifferfromextrusiveigneousrocksprimarilyintheir a) chemicalandmineralogicalmakeup. b) crystalsizes. c) platetectonicsetting. d) degreeofheatandpressureinvolvedinmagmageneration. 16.Plasticdeformationresultsin a) areturntotheoriginalshapeoftherockoncethepressureisreleased. b) fractures,suchasjointsandfaults. c) permanentchangeintheshapeoftherocks. d) increasedrocktemperatureand,thus,increasedmetamorphism. EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 17.Somemetamorphicrocksarepotentialenvironmentalhazardsbecause a) foliationcanrepresentaplaneofweaknessintherock. b) thefluidsthatmetamorphosetherockscanleavebehinddangerous chemicals. c) theyarecomposedofunstableelements. d) thecrystalsdonotinterlockasinigneousrocks. 18.Whydoespopulationincreaseaffectthenumberofcatastrophicevents? a) Greaternumbersofpeopleoccupymarginallandsinthepathof hazardousprocesses. b) Populationaffectsthemagnitudeandfrequencyofhazardousevents. c) Hazardouseventsaremorelikelytooccurinareaswithmorepeople. d) AsinMexicoCity,earthquakemagnitudeisdirectlyrelatedto population. 19.Surfacewavesareproducedby a) faultsrupturingtheEarth’ssurface. b) theabsorptionofSwavesbyaliquidmedium. c) thereverberatingeffectsofbuildingsshakinginresponsetohigh frequencyPwaves. d) PandSwavesreachingthesurface. 20.Thebaselevelofastreamis a) thelowestleveltowhicharivermayerode. b) theriverdischargethatismaintainedyearround. c) theelevationofthestreambed. d) thesmallestamountofsedimentastreamcantransport. 21.Ifastreamchannelisofconstantwidthanddepth,howmustincreaseddischargebe accommodated? a) Greatersedimenttransport b) Flooding c) Increasedvelocity d) Steeperchannelslope EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 22.Howdopointbarsandcutbanksdifferfromoneanotherinastreamsystem? a) Cutbanksaresitesoferosion,whilepointbarsaresitesof deposition. b) Cutbankstypicallyhostriffles,whilepointbarsarecharacterizedby pools. c) Pointbarsarecharacteristicofmeanderingstreams,whilecutbanksare characteristicofbraidedstreams. d) Theyarebothareasofdeposition,butthecutbanktypicallyreceivesa greatervolumeofsediment. 23.Theportionofrainfallthatflowsoffthelandanddirectlyintoariveriscalled a) watershed. b) floodmagnitude. c) recurrenceinterval. d) runoff. 24.OnwhatbasisareMercalliintensityvaluesassignedtolocations? a) Interpretationofseismograms b) Interpretationofthelengthoffaultrupture c) Qualitativeperceptionsofandstructuralresponsetotheshaking d) Proximitytotheepicenteroftheearthquake 25.Whydocompositevolcanoesconsistofalternatinglavaandpyroclasticlayers? a) Compositeconesarecreatedbylavacompositionalternatingbetween basaltandrhyolite. b) Compositeconestypicallyareinterlayeredwithlavaflowsfromnearby shieldvolcanoes. c) Compositeconesarecreatedbyamixtureofexplosiveactivityand lavaflows. d) Thelavasincompositeconesaretypicallyrhyoliticincomposition. 26.Whatistheprincipaldifferencebetweencratersandcalderas? a) Calderasaremuchlargerdepressionscreatedbycollapseofthe upperportionsofthevolcano. b) Calderasareassociatedwithcindercones,whilecratersareassociated withshieldvolcanoes. c) Cratersarecreatedbyexplosiveeruptions,whilecalderasarenot. d) Cratersareassociatedonlywithfissureeruptions. EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 27.Theshapeofshieldvolcanoesisafunctionof a) lavaviscosity. b) theproportionofpyroclasticdebrisincludedintheedifice. c) localvariationsinthetiltofthelandsurface. d) theexplosivenatureoftheeruptionsthatproducetheshield. 28.Mid-oceanridgevolcanismproduceswhattypeofvolcanicrock? a) Andesite b) Basalt c) Rhyolite d) Tephra ___29. Volcanoesformedbyhotspotsinintraplatesettingsareofusuallythiscomposition: A. basalt B. andesite C. rhyolite D. dacite __30.Thephysicalstateofrockswithintheasthenosphereisclosestto? A. abuttermilkpancake B putty C. anyrockatthesurface D. water __31.Ifyoupartiallymeltperidotiteyouget A. granite B basalt C. peridotite D. andesite __32.Whichofthesestatementsistrue? A. iron-poormineralscrystallizeathighesttemperatures B silica-poormineralscrystallizeatthelowesttemperatures C. iron-richmineralscrystallizeatthehighesttemperatures D. magmawithhalfiron-richandhalfiron-poormineralscrystallizeatthehighest temperatures EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli PartThree:Fillintheblank(1pointeach)[30points] 33. ____________ growth implies that a constant percentage of humans are added each year. 34. The maximum number of people Earth can hold without causing prohibitive environmental degradation is called _________ ____________. 35. ____________ ___________ is helping natural hazards to become catastrophes. 36. _____________ is a hard mineral that is one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust. 37. _____________ Limestone may cause construction problems because it is prone to the process of _. 38. ___________ sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of substances dissolved in water. 39. _______________ is a metamorphic rock, originating as shale or basalt, with many important uses. 40. ________________ deformation is recoverable. 41. A plate tectonic boundary in which plates move together is called a ________________ boundary. 42. ____________ is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks. 43. The recurrence interval of an event, also known as its ______________, is typically inversely related to the event’s magnitude. 44. The continuity equation pertains to the accommodation of ____________ by a stream channel. 45. The lower portion of a slump typically evolves into a ____________. 46. ______________ are caused by the collapse of caverns. 47.TheNewMadridearthquakeswere_____________earthquakes. 48.Theprocessof________________________releaseselasticstrainduringandafteranearthquake. 49. The eruption of Mt. __________ in 1991 killed several tens of people with pyroclastic flows. 50. Shield volcanoes typically consist of the rock type ____________. 51. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanism associated with a _______ ___________. 52. The global ____________ _________ involves the transfer of water between Earth’s water reservoirs. 53. Pumping of groundwater from a well creates a __________ _________ _________ in the aquifer. 54. The ability of an Earth material to transmit water is called its _______________ ____________. EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli 55. A ____________ is a resource that is currently available to be legally and economically mined. 56. Compressive (convergent) Stress occurs at _____________________ 57. ______________ is the driving force or mechanism that causes seafloor spreading and continental drift. 58. The Himalaya Mountains are the result of ____________ __________. 59. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is described as its ___________. 60. _______________If you were building a home in San Francisco, on what type of material would you build in order to minimize potential earthquake damage? 61. Earthquakes originate from the _______________. 62. The time elapsed between the arrivals of P- and S-waves at a seismograph is an indication of the _________. WORD BANK Porosity Aquiclude Nonrenewable resource Arithmetic Sustainability Brittle Epicenter Hydrologic cycle Radioactive decay Cone of depression Pinatubo Mount St. Helens Magnitude Sea-level drop Strike valleys kettle ponds Muscovite mica biotite mica iron-rich minerals chemical weathering flow granite ocean-ocean collision distance from the epicenter Hydraulic conductivity Aquitard Renewable resource Capacity Global warming intraplate Continent-continent collision Tectonic cycle Hot spot convection weathering Elastic dissolution Discharge Convergent plate boundaries Width talc apatite Frequency mechanical weathering rock fall rhyolite bedrock relative energy of the EQ wave Aquifer Reserve Exponential Carrying capacity Plastic Focus Ocean-continent collision Biological cycle Subduction zone Funnel of doom Krakatoa Transform fault Divergent plate boundaries sinkholes kame lakes Depth quartz corundum Unzen peridotite arkose basalt fill distance from Mordor EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli Matching:(0.5pointseach)(5points) 63.__B____andesite 64.__C_____basalt 65.___H____tephra 66.___L___rhyolite 67.___M____epicenter 68.____U___geothermalgradient 69.___E____ContinuityEquation 70.___D_____Darcy’sLaw 71.____G_____Aquifer 72.____A_____Elevation A.heightabovesealevel B.volcanicigneousrockswith60%silica C.volcanicigneousrockswith50%silica D.Q=KIA E.Q=WxDxV F.bedrockoftheoceaniccrust G.rockorsedimentbodyfromwhichwater canberemoved H.Nameformaterialsblownfromavolcano K.PlaceonEarth’ssurfacedirectlyabove whereanearthquakeinitiates L.volcanicigneousrockwith70%silica M.rockorsedimentthatstopsthe movementofwateroranotherfluid N.igneousrockofmantle O.Q=WxDxM P.Q=KLA R.golf-ballsizedpyroclastics S.LocationwithinEarthwhereearthquakes originate T.temperatureincreasesgoingintothe Earthby15-20degreesCelsiusevery1 kilometerofdepth U.temperatureincreaseof25-30degrees CelsiusasonedescendsintotheEarth