Download EESC1163 Environmental Resources and Issues Final Exam_July

EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
EESC116301_15UFinalExamNAME:____KEY___________________________________
Instructions:Answerallquestionsonthisquestionnaire.
PartOne:Definitions(2.5pointseach)[5points]
1.Mineral–naturallyoccurring,inorganiccrystallinesolidwithdefinedchemical
compositon.
2.Rock–aggregate(mixture)ofoneormorerocks
MultipleChoice:(2pointseach)[60points]
3.Whyishumanpopulationgrowthoftenconsideredtheforemostenvironmentalproblem?
a) Earthwillrunoutofopenlandspacewithinthenext50years.
b) Increasingpopulationstrainsresourcesandcreatesadditionalwastes.
c) Thereisnowaytoprovidefoodforadditionalpeople.
d) ThereisinsufficientoxygenproductiononEarthformorethan10billionpeople.
4.Whatisatheory?
a) Apossibleexplanationforasetofobservations
b) Ahypothesisthathaswithstoodextensivetesting
c) Asetofideasthatunifiesafieldofinquiry
d) Anideathatisbasedonlyonlogicalthought
5.Whatistheaverageresidencetime?
a) Theaveragetimerequiredforthetotalstockofamaterialtobecycledthrougha
system.
b) Theaveragetimethatahumanpopulationcanstayinanareabeforeenvironmental
conditionsforcethemtomove.
c) Theaveragetimerequiredforanopensystemtoconverttoaclosedsystem.
d) Theaveragetimeforasystemtorunoutofenergy.
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
6.Whatisexponentialgrowth?
a) Growththatoccursataconstantrate
b) Growththatislogarithmicinnature
c) Growththatoccursasaconstantpercentageoftheexistingamount
d) Growththatdoublestheexistingnumber
7.WhatistheprincipaldifferencebetweenEarth’sinnercoreandoutercore?
a) Theinnercoreconsistsmainlyofironandnickel,whiletheoutercoreconsistsmainly
ofsilicateminerals.
b) Theinnercoreconsistsmainlyofsilicateminerals,whiletheoutercoreconsistsmainly
ofironandnickel.
c) Theinnercoreissolid,whiletheoutercoreisliquid.
d) Theinnercoreisliquid,whiletheoutercoreissolid.
8HowdoseismologistsknowEarth’soutercoreisliquid?
a) Pwavesarerefracteduponarrivalintheoutercore.
b) Swavesareabsorbeduponarrivalintheoutercore.
c) BothSwavesandPwavesspeedupintheoutercore.
d) BothSwavesandPwavesslowdownintheoutercore.
9.Howdomagneticstripesontheoceanfloorserveasevidenceforseafloorspreading?
a) Theirsymmetryoneithersideofthemid-oceanridgeshowsthat
newcrustiscreated,thensplit.
b) TheirpatternsshowthatEarth’smagneticfieldreverseseveryfew
hundredyears,onaverage.
c) Theyshowthatislandarcvolcanismcreatesnewoceaniccrustatthe
mid-oceanridges.
d) Theirsymmetryoneithersideofmid-oceanridgesshowsthattransform
boundariesareslidingboundaries.
10.TheMohorovicicdiscontinuityrepresents
a) theboundarybetweeninnerandoutercores.
b) theboundarybetweenlithosphereandhydrosphere.
c) theboundarybetweenoutercoreandmantle.
d) theboundarybetweenmantleandcrust.
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
11.Transformplateboundariesaremarkedby
a) volcanicislandarcs.
b) consumptionofoceaniccrust.
c) creationofoceaniccrust.
d) twoplatesslidingrelativetooneanother.
12.Atconvergentboundaries___________
a) theplateofhighdensitysubductsintothemantle
b) theplateoflowerdensitysubductsintothemantle
c) newoceaniccrustiscreated
d) magneticstripesaregeneratedinoceanicrocks
13.Theoccurrenceofthesamefossilsondifferentcontinentsareattributedtowhattheory?
a) Theoryofevolution
b) Theoryofplatetectonics
c) Thegreatimpacttheory
d) Thedynamictheoryofgravity
14.Inwhatwayistherockcycleintertwinedwithplatetectonics?
a) Platetectonicprocessescontroltherock-formingprocesses
prevalentatplateboundaries.
b) Platetectonicprocessesaredirectlyresponsibleforweathering.
c) Platetectonicprocessesareresponsiblefortheinternalheatthatcauses
metamorphismandmelting.
d) Platetectonicprocessesaredirectlyresponsibleforsedimentdeposition.
15.Intrusiveigneousrocksdifferfromextrusiveigneousrocksprimarilyintheir
a) chemicalandmineralogicalmakeup.
b) crystalsizes.
c) platetectonicsetting.
d) degreeofheatandpressureinvolvedinmagmageneration.
16.Plasticdeformationresultsin
a) areturntotheoriginalshapeoftherockoncethepressureisreleased.
b) fractures,suchasjointsandfaults.
c) permanentchangeintheshapeoftherocks.
d) increasedrocktemperatureand,thus,increasedmetamorphism.
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
17.Somemetamorphicrocksarepotentialenvironmentalhazardsbecause
a) foliationcanrepresentaplaneofweaknessintherock.
b) thefluidsthatmetamorphosetherockscanleavebehinddangerous
chemicals.
c) theyarecomposedofunstableelements.
d) thecrystalsdonotinterlockasinigneousrocks.
18.Whydoespopulationincreaseaffectthenumberofcatastrophicevents?
a) Greaternumbersofpeopleoccupymarginallandsinthepathof
hazardousprocesses.
b) Populationaffectsthemagnitudeandfrequencyofhazardousevents.
c) Hazardouseventsaremorelikelytooccurinareaswithmorepeople.
d) AsinMexicoCity,earthquakemagnitudeisdirectlyrelatedto
population.
19.Surfacewavesareproducedby
a) faultsrupturingtheEarth’ssurface.
b) theabsorptionofSwavesbyaliquidmedium.
c) thereverberatingeffectsofbuildingsshakinginresponsetohigh
frequencyPwaves.
d) PandSwavesreachingthesurface.
20.Thebaselevelofastreamis
a) thelowestleveltowhicharivermayerode.
b) theriverdischargethatismaintainedyearround.
c) theelevationofthestreambed.
d) thesmallestamountofsedimentastreamcantransport.
21.Ifastreamchannelisofconstantwidthanddepth,howmustincreaseddischargebe
accommodated?
a) Greatersedimenttransport
b) Flooding
c) Increasedvelocity
d) Steeperchannelslope
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
22.Howdopointbarsandcutbanksdifferfromoneanotherinastreamsystem?
a) Cutbanksaresitesoferosion,whilepointbarsaresitesof
deposition.
b) Cutbankstypicallyhostriffles,whilepointbarsarecharacterizedby
pools.
c) Pointbarsarecharacteristicofmeanderingstreams,whilecutbanksare
characteristicofbraidedstreams.
d) Theyarebothareasofdeposition,butthecutbanktypicallyreceivesa
greatervolumeofsediment.
23.Theportionofrainfallthatflowsoffthelandanddirectlyintoariveriscalled
a) watershed.
b) floodmagnitude.
c) recurrenceinterval.
d) runoff.
24.OnwhatbasisareMercalliintensityvaluesassignedtolocations?
a) Interpretationofseismograms
b) Interpretationofthelengthoffaultrupture
c) Qualitativeperceptionsofandstructuralresponsetotheshaking
d) Proximitytotheepicenteroftheearthquake
25.Whydocompositevolcanoesconsistofalternatinglavaandpyroclasticlayers?
a) Compositeconesarecreatedbylavacompositionalternatingbetween
basaltandrhyolite.
b) Compositeconestypicallyareinterlayeredwithlavaflowsfromnearby
shieldvolcanoes.
c) Compositeconesarecreatedbyamixtureofexplosiveactivityand
lavaflows.
d) Thelavasincompositeconesaretypicallyrhyoliticincomposition.
26.Whatistheprincipaldifferencebetweencratersandcalderas?
a) Calderasaremuchlargerdepressionscreatedbycollapseofthe
upperportionsofthevolcano.
b) Calderasareassociatedwithcindercones,whilecratersareassociated
withshieldvolcanoes.
c) Cratersarecreatedbyexplosiveeruptions,whilecalderasarenot.
d) Cratersareassociatedonlywithfissureeruptions.
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
27.Theshapeofshieldvolcanoesisafunctionof
a) lavaviscosity.
b) theproportionofpyroclasticdebrisincludedintheedifice.
c) localvariationsinthetiltofthelandsurface.
d) theexplosivenatureoftheeruptionsthatproducetheshield.
28.Mid-oceanridgevolcanismproduceswhattypeofvolcanicrock?
a) Andesite
b) Basalt
c) Rhyolite
d) Tephra
___29. Volcanoesformedbyhotspotsinintraplatesettingsareofusuallythiscomposition:
A.
basalt
B.
andesite
C.
rhyolite
D. dacite
__30.Thephysicalstateofrockswithintheasthenosphereisclosestto?
A.
abuttermilkpancake
B
putty
C.
anyrockatthesurface
D.
water
__31.Ifyoupartiallymeltperidotiteyouget
A.
granite
B
basalt
C.
peridotite
D.
andesite
__32.Whichofthesestatementsistrue?
A.
iron-poormineralscrystallizeathighesttemperatures
B
silica-poormineralscrystallizeatthelowesttemperatures
C.
iron-richmineralscrystallizeatthehighesttemperatures
D.
magmawithhalfiron-richandhalfiron-poormineralscrystallizeatthehighest
temperatures
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
PartThree:Fillintheblank(1pointeach)[30points]
33. ____________ growth implies that a constant percentage of humans are added each year.
34. The maximum number of people Earth can hold without causing prohibitive environmental degradation
is called _________ ____________.
35. ____________ ___________ is helping natural hazards to become catastrophes.
36. _____________ is a hard mineral that is one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust.
37. _____________ Limestone may cause construction problems because it is prone to the process of _.
38. ___________ sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of substances dissolved in water.
39. _______________ is a metamorphic rock, originating as shale or basalt, with many important uses.
40. ________________ deformation is recoverable.
41. A plate tectonic boundary in which plates move together is called a ________________ boundary.
42. ____________ is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks.
43. The recurrence interval of an event, also known as its ______________, is typically inversely related to
the event’s magnitude.
44. The continuity equation pertains to the accommodation of ____________ by a stream channel.
45. The lower portion of a slump typically evolves into a ____________.
46. ______________ are caused by the collapse of caverns.
47.TheNewMadridearthquakeswere_____________earthquakes.
48.Theprocessof________________________releaseselasticstrainduringandafteranearthquake.
49. The eruption of Mt. __________ in 1991 killed several tens of people with pyroclastic flows.
50. Shield volcanoes typically consist of the rock type ____________.
51. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanism associated with a _______ ___________.
52. The global ____________ _________ involves the transfer of water between Earth’s water reservoirs.
53. Pumping of groundwater from a well creates a __________ _________ _________ in the aquifer.
54. The ability of an Earth material to transmit water is called its _______________ ____________.
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
55. A ____________ is a resource that is currently available to be legally and economically mined.
56. Compressive (convergent) Stress occurs at _____________________
57. ______________ is the driving force or mechanism that causes seafloor spreading and continental drift.
58. The Himalaya Mountains are the result of ____________ __________.
59. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is described as its ___________.
60. _______________If you were building a home in San Francisco, on what type of material would you
build in order to minimize potential earthquake damage?
61. Earthquakes originate from the _______________.
62. The time elapsed between the arrivals of P- and S-waves at a seismograph is an indication of the
_________.
WORD BANK
Porosity
Aquiclude
Nonrenewable resource
Arithmetic
Sustainability
Brittle
Epicenter
Hydrologic cycle
Radioactive decay
Cone of depression
Pinatubo
Mount St. Helens
Magnitude
Sea-level drop
Strike valleys
kettle ponds
Muscovite mica
biotite mica
iron-rich minerals
chemical weathering
flow
granite
ocean-ocean collision
distance from the epicenter
Hydraulic conductivity
Aquitard
Renewable resource
Capacity
Global warming
intraplate
Continent-continent collision
Tectonic cycle
Hot spot
convection
weathering
Elastic
dissolution
Discharge
Convergent plate boundaries
Width
talc
apatite
Frequency
mechanical weathering
rock fall
rhyolite
bedrock
relative energy of the EQ wave
Aquifer
Reserve
Exponential
Carrying capacity
Plastic
Focus
Ocean-continent collision
Biological cycle
Subduction zone
Funnel of doom
Krakatoa
Transform fault
Divergent plate boundaries
sinkholes
kame lakes
Depth
quartz
corundum
Unzen
peridotite
arkose
basalt
fill
distance from Mordor
EESC1163EnvironmentalResourcesandIssuesFinalExam_July30_2015_Dr.KenGalli
Matching:(0.5pointseach)(5points)
63.__B____andesite
64.__C_____basalt
65.___H____tephra
66.___L___rhyolite
67.___M____epicenter
68.____U___geothermalgradient
69.___E____ContinuityEquation
70.___D_____Darcy’sLaw
71.____G_____Aquifer
72.____A_____Elevation
A.heightabovesealevel
B.volcanicigneousrockswith60%silica
C.volcanicigneousrockswith50%silica
D.Q=KIA
E.Q=WxDxV
F.bedrockoftheoceaniccrust
G.rockorsedimentbodyfromwhichwater
canberemoved
H.Nameformaterialsblownfromavolcano
K.PlaceonEarth’ssurfacedirectlyabove
whereanearthquakeinitiates
L.volcanicigneousrockwith70%silica
M.rockorsedimentthatstopsthe
movementofwateroranotherfluid
N.igneousrockofmantle
O.Q=WxDxM
P.Q=KLA
R.golf-ballsizedpyroclastics
S.LocationwithinEarthwhereearthquakes
originate
T.temperatureincreasesgoingintothe
Earthby15-20degreesCelsiusevery1
kilometerofdepth
U.temperatureincreaseof25-30degrees
CelsiusasonedescendsintotheEarth