Download Behaviorism ppt

Thorndike
Skinner
How we learn?
Watson
Pavlov
Be
hav
ior
ism
Behaviorist Theory
________ is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual ________ of the
learned ________, driven by a pattern
of ____________. With enough
__________, the link becomes so
_________ that the time between
______ and _________ gets very
______.
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for the
DEAL
Behaviorism
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for the
DEAL
How we learn?
• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable
behavior rather than non-observable
mental events. It suggests learning is a
relatively permanent change in behavior
due to experience (Ormrod, 1999).
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for the
DEAL
“Behaviorism focuses on behavior that can
be __________.” The banker wants you to
click on the picture below that makes this
sentence correct.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual ________ of the
learned ________, driven by a pattern
of ____________. With enough
__________, the link becomes so
_________ that the time between
______ and _________ gets very
______.
Click here
to continue
How we learn?
• Behaviorism: Focuses
on observable behavior
rather than nonobservable mental
events. It suggests
learning is a relatively
permanent change in
behavior due to
experience
(Ormrod, 1999).
Click here
for the
DEAL
“According to Behaviorist, learning
__________.” The banker wants you to click
on the phrase below that makes this
sentence correct.
Occurs when
the learner
answers
the
questions
correctly.
Occurs when
behavior
has been
modified.
Occurs
when the
light bulb
goes off
over your
head.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual ________ of the learned
________, driven by a pattern of
____________. With enough
__________, the link becomes so strong
that the time between ______ and
_________ gets very ______.
Click here
for the
DEAL
How we learn?
• Behaviorism: Focuses
on observable behavior
rather than nonobservable mental
events. It suggests
learning is a relatively
permanent change in
behavior due to
experience
(Ormrod, 1999).
Click here
for the
DEAL
According to Behaviorism…
• Learners learn best when complex
concepts are broken into smaller
segments
• Each segment is learned through the
Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement
model.
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for the
DEAL
How do individuals learn complex concepts?
The banker wants you to click on the phrase
below that is correct.
The entire
concept is
best dealt
with all at
once.
The entire
concept is
best dealt
with in
smaller
segments.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual strengthening of the
learned ________, driven by a pattern
of ____________. With enough
__________, the link becomes so
strong that the time between ______
and _________ gets very ______.
Click here
for the
DEAL
According to Behaviorism…
• Learners learn best when complex concepts
are broken into smaller segments
• Each segment is learned through the
Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement model.
Click here
for the
DEAL
The
The banker
banker wants
wants to
to know
know you
which
to is
click
theon
more
the
effective way
phrase
to introduce
below thatstudents
is correct.
to the water
cycle? To seal the deal click on the phrase
below that is correct.
Teach students
about
evaporation until
they master,
then concept,
then
precipitation,
and then finally
collection.
Describe the process
from evaporation to
condensation to
precipitation to collection
back to evaporation
again so that students
can see how all the steps
are interrelated in an
unending cycle. Have
students create a poster
of the water cycle to test
for mastery.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual strengthening of the
learned ________, driven by a pattern
of ____________. With enough practice,
the link becomes so strong that the
time between ______ and _________
gets very ______.
Click here
for the
DEAL
According to Behaviorism…
• Learners learn best when complex concepts
are broken into smaller segments
• Each segment is learned through the
Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement model.
Click here
for the
DEAL
John B. Watson
1878-1958
American psychologist, thought
of as the father of behaviorism
Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result
of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By
repeating the S-R cycle the organism (may it be an animal
or human) is conditioned into repeating the response
whenever the same stimulus is present. Behavior can be
modified and learning is measured by observable change
in behavior.
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for the
DEAL
Stimulus
Response
Situation; conditions
in the environment
Act; reflexes
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DEAL
Reinforcement
Repeat cycle to
condition response
Reward
Response time diminishes
with practice
The banker wants you to choose the correct
sequence of events, according to
Behaviorist Principles.
Stimulus
Response
Response
Stimulus
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Repeat
Repeat
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an ______ change in _______
and is a gradual strengthening of the
learned ________, driven by a pattern
of consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between ______
and _________ gets very ______.
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for the
DEAL
Stimulus
Response
Act; reflexes
Reinforcement
Repeat cycle to
condition response
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for the
DEAL
The banker wants to know which example best
describes the learning theory of Behaviorist.
Click on the phrase below that is correct.
A hungry lab
rat presses a
lever when a
light is
turned on
and receives
food.
A lab rat
receives
food at a
regularly
scheduled
intervals.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an observable change in
_______ and is a gradual strengthening
of the learned ________, driven by a
pattern of
consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between ______
and _________ gets very small.
Click here
for the
DEAL
Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result
of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By
repeating the S-R cycle the organism (may it be an animal
or human) is conditioned into repeating the response
whenever the same stimulus is present. Behavior can be
modified and learning is measured by observable change
Click here
in behavior.
for the
DEAL
Classical Conditioning
Another form of learning is classical conditioning, in which a reflexive or
automatic response transfers from one stimulus to another.
For instance, a person who has had painful experiences at the dentist’s
office may become fearful at just the sight of the dentist’s office building.
Fear, a natural response to a painful stimulus, has transferred to a different
stimulus, the sight of a building.
Most psychologists believe that classical conditioning occurs when a
person forms a mental association between two stimuli, so that
encountering one stimulus makes the person think of the other. People tend
to form these mental associations between events or stimuli that occur
closely together in space or time.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning is a
type of learning in which an animal’s
natural response to one object or
sensory stimulus transfers to
another stimulus.
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for the
DEAL
This illustration shows how a dog can learn to salivate to the sound of a tuning
fork, an experiment first carried out in the early 1900s by Russian physiologist
Ivan Pavlov. For conditioning to occur, the pairing of the food
with the tuning fork (step 3 in the illustration) must be repeated many times,
so that the dog eventually learns to associate the two items.
Click here
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
for the
DEAL
The banker wants you to read and then click
on the story below that is an example of
Classical Conditioning
An animal placed
inside the box is
rewarded with a
small bit of food each
time it makes the
desired response,
such as pressing a
lever or pecking a
key. A device outside
the box records the
animal’s responses.
Light reflects off the cup and into
the eye. The image is then
transferred through the optic
nerve to the sensory register.
From the sensory register, the
image is moved into Short-term
Memory (STM) as information
about the cup is drawn from
Long-term Memory (LTM). The
process of elaboration occurs
when information is retrieved
from the LTM in order to link to
the new information.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an observable change in
_______ and is a gradual strengthening
of the learned ________, driven by a
pattern of
consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between cue and
_________ gets very small.
Click here
for the
DEAL
Classical Conditioning
 Another form of learning is classical conditioning, in which a reflexive or
automatic response transfers from one stimulus to another.
• For instance, a person who has had painful experiences at the dentist’s
office may become fearful at just the sight of the dentist’s office building.
Fear, a natural response to a painful stimulus, has transferred to a different
stimulus, the sight of a building.
 Most psychologists believe that classical conditioning occurs when a person
forms a mental association between two stimuli, so that encountering one
stimulus makes the person think of the other. People tend to form these
mental associations between events or stimuli that occur closely together in
space or time.
•
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006.
Click here
for the
DEAL
The banker wants you to read and then click
on the story below that is an example of
Classical Conditioning.
The blue light goes off at the
local Kmart store. What
happens when it goes off?
We observe shoppers who
want to save money go
directly to find out what is for
sale. They know that the
blue light is associated with
a really good sale. Even if
the sale price is not really a
big bargain the sales will be
higher because the blue light
tells the shopper that it is a
really good deal.
**1.
Tom has a new puppy. He
begins to whistle a specific tune
before he feeds the puppy. The
puppy keeps coming to get fed.
Tom opens the creaking
cupboard door at about the
same time. Tom feels the
puppy is coming because he is
whistling but the puppy is
coming because he hears the
creaking cupboard door and
hearing his food dropped into
his food bowl.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an observable change
in _______ and is a gradual
strengthening of the learned
relationship, driven by a pattern of
consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between cue and
_________ gets very small.
Click here
for the
DEAL
This illustration shows how a dog can learn to salivate to the sound of a tuning
fork, an experiment first carried out in the early 1900s by Russian physiologist
Ivan Pavlov. For conditioning to occur, the pairing of the food
with the tuning fork (step 3 in the illustration) must be repeated many times,
so that the dog eventually learns to associate the two items.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Click here
for the
DEAL
Operant Conditioning
• Increasing a behavior by following it with a reward, or
decreasing a behavior by following it with punishment.
• For example, if a mother starts giving a boy his favorite
snack every day that he cleans up his room, before long
the boy may spend some time each day cleaning his
room in anticipation of the snack. In this example, the
boy’s room-cleaning behavior increases because it is
followed by a reward or reinforcer.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Operant conditioning, pioneered by
American psychologist B. F. Skinner, is
the process of shaping behavior by
means of reinforcement and punishment.
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for the
DEAL
This illustration shows how a mouse can learn to maneuver through a maze. The mouse
is rewarded with food when it reaches the first turn in the maze (A). Once the first
behavior becomes ingrained, the mouse is not rewarded until it makes the second turn
(B). After many times through the maze, the mouse must reach the end of the maze to
receive its reward (C).
Click here
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
for the
DEAL
The banker wants you to read and then click
on the story below that is an example of
Operant Conditioning
An animal placed inside the
box is rewarded with a small
bit of food each time it
makes the desired response,
such as pressing a lever or
pecking a key. A device
outside the box records the
animal’s responses.
Nikki is listening to the radio
station when the DJ calls her
name and announces that she
has 2 minutes to call. The prize
includes tickets to the Yankee
game and a dinner date with her
idol Derek Jeter. She has about
20 seconds to retain the number
in her short term memory. She
rehearses the number by
repeating it over and over in an
effort to transfer from short term
to long term memory, but is
interrupted by signs and
commercials with numbers.
Behaviorist Theory
Learning is an observable change
in behavior and is a gradual
strengthening of the learned
relationship, driven by a pattern of
consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between cue and
_________ gets very small.
Click here
for the
DEAL
This illustration shows how a
mouse can learn to maneuver
through a maze. The mouse is
rewarded with food when it
reaches the first turn in the
maze (A). Once the first
behavior becomes ingrained,
the mouse is not rewarded until
it makes the second turn (B).
After many times through the
maze, the mouse must reach
the end of the maze to receive
its reward (C).
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Click here
for the
DEAL
The banker wants you to read and then click on
the story below that is an example of Operant
Conditioning.
Peter is 14 months old.
He was frightened by a
loud noise and started to
cry. His mother
immediately picked him
up, rocked him, and
soothed him. Every time
Peter cries his mother
will pick him up to
comfort him.
**2.
The seasons change as the
earth rotates and circles
the sun. The closer it gets
to the sun the warmer the
weather we have. As it
circles the sun, it blocks
the light from the sun and
the moon can not be seen
in its entirety. We see this
each day of every year. We
feel the warmth and we
also see that the length of
the days is directly
connected to this cycle.
Behaviorist Theory
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for
THE
DEAL
Learning is an observable change in
behavior and is a gradual
strengthening of the learned
relationship, driven by a pattern of
consequences/reinforcement. With
enough practice, the link becomes so
strong that the time between cue and
behavior gets very small.
Click here
for the
DEAL
Operant Conditioning
• Increasing a behavior by following it with a reward, or decreasing a
behavior by following it with punishment.
• For example, if a mother starts giving a boy his favorite snack every
day that he cleans up his room, before long the boy may spend
some time each day cleaning his room in anticipation of the snack.
In this example, the boy’s room-cleaning behavior increases
because it is followed by a reward or reinforcer.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
How We Learn
• Presented by:
–
–
–
–
–
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to
Re-DEAL
*Nola Bruder
*Diane Harris
*Bret Mason
*Barbara Morley
*Chris Ozias
REAL
World
Apps
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DEAL