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Chapter 12: Social Psychology Section 1: Social Influence– Conformity Social Psychology Social Psychology: the scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the ____, ________, or __________ ________________________________ 3 main areas: Social influence– ways in which a person’s ________ can be affected by other people social cognition– ways in which people _________ about other people Social interaction– positive and negative aspects of __________ __________________________ Conformity Social influence: the process through which the ____ or _______ presence of others can _______ or __________ influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual Conformity: ________ one’s own behavior to _______ that of other people Asch’s Classic Study on Conformity Asch’s experiment (1952) People may conform to others’ ideas of ______, even when they _________ Experiment: 1 ________ & 6 ____________ in a classroom with a line projected on the screen Participant sat ________ in line 3 more lines are displayed on the screen Participants were asked _________ _________________ as the 1st one. After 3 trails, the confederates before the participant picked the ________________ Asch’s Classic Study on Conformity Results: a little _____________ of the time the participant ____________ Conformity ______ with each new confederate until there were at ___________ Conformity ________ if there was just one confederate who gave the _________________ If the participant knew at least one person would ______, the _________ to conform was ___ there The Hazards of Groupthink Groupthink: kind of thinking that occurs when people place more __________ on __________ group cohesiveness than on assessing the ______ of the problem with which the group is concerned Ex. People believed the Titanic to be unsinkable so __________________ ______________________________ The Hazards of Groupthink “Symptoms” of groupthink People may think their group can ___________, creating an __________________________ It is _________ correct Always _____________ Group members may believe anyone who opposes doesn’t have ____________________ Opposition may be prevented from _____________ Opposition may refrain from ___________ “______________________” Section 2: Social Influence– Compliance Compliance Consumer Psychology: branch of psychology that studies the ______ of __________ in the marketplace Compliance: changing one’s behavior as a result of other people ________ or _________ for the _____________ Compliance exists when there is no ____________________________ Example: Asch’s participant knows the group answer is incorrect and doesn’t truly believe the line is the same, but does agree/go along with their answer Section 3: Social Influence– Obedience Obedience to Authority Obedience: changing one’s behavior at the ____________ of an _________________ Difference between compliance and obedience: Compliance– ___________________ ______________________________ Obedience– authority figure with ______________________________ ______________________________ Examples: Milgram Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment Why Do People Obey? Psychologists have proposed that people ____ to obey authority figures We follow the orders from ______, ________, _________, etc. We are more likely to follow authority figure’s orders when they ___________________________ Section 4: Group Behavior Group Behavior Group polarization: the tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more ________________ and suggest ______ actions when compared to individuals who have ________________ in a group discussions Due to 2 characteristics: Social comparison– the need for individuals to act in ways that they believe make them _______ ___________________________ Informational social influence– the tendency to take our ____ or appropriate ________ from others when we are in an ___________________________ Social Facilitation and Social Loafing Social influence can affect the __________________ of individual task ________________, as well as perceived _________________ Social facilitation: the tendency for the presence of other people to have a __________ impact on the performance of an ______ task Increase in ________ to improve performance Social impairment: the tendency for the presence of other people to have a ___________ impact on the performance of a _________ task Social Facilitation and Social Loafing Social loafing: the tendency for people to put _________ into a simple task when working ___________ on that task When working in a group, it is easier to “_____________________” When working alone, the evaluation is based __________________, and therefore he/she cannot _______ Depends heavily on the __________ that _________________ for a task is severely lessened when working with a group Section 5: Social Cognition– Attitude Formation Social Cognition Reminder: social cognition is the way in which people think about other people and how those cognitions influence their behavior toward those other people Attitudes: a tendency to _____________ _________ or ___________ toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation Developed through __________ ___________________ Affects ________ towards others, objects, ideas, and situations Includes ________, beliefs, and ______ Once formed, attitudes influence the way people ___________ before they interact with them Attitudes We are not _______ with attitudes Learned through __________ and ________ with others Can be ___________________ to form certain attitudes Instructed by ________, peers, __________, etc. They often involve a positive or negative ___________ of something Functions of Attitude • Attitudes as a self-defining mechanism • They help __________________, like to physical appearance • Attitudes make up the __________ • How we see or describe _________; our total _________ of ourselves • Positive self-concept– tend to act and feel ____________ & _________________ • Negative self-concept– tend to act and feel ____________ or ______________________ Function of Attitudes Attitudes as social group _____________ Social groups also hold attitudes People living in _____________ _________ and who frequently _____________ with one another have similar attitudes Exposed to ___________ ___________ Impression Formation Impression Formation: the forming of the ______________ that a person has concerning another person Assigning the person to __________ and drawing ________ about what that person is likely to do Firsts formed _____________ a new person First Impressions First impressions are usually based on ______________________ ___________ make certain judgments based on looks ______________—the tendency to form opinions about others based on first impressions _______ and ________ with people based on these opinions __________ interactions based on these opinions Can create a _____________________ _____________________ Section 6: Social Categorization Social Categorization Social categorization: the assignment of a person one has just met to a ________ based on _____________ the new person has in _________ with other people with whom one has had experience in the past _____________ process Occurs with little conscious _____________ Social Categorization Gone Wrong Stereotypes: a set of characteristics that people believe is ________ by _____ _________ of a particular social category Typically formed with ____________ information Mostly used to __________ others We often ______ others differently as a result Primacy effects can cause _______ Usefulness of Schemas Schemas are useful when they Help us ________ with some degree of accuracy how people will __________ Help us ________ and ____________ information To avoid falling into negative stereotypes, we must be ______ of them and ____________________ every time it is activated in our mind Implicit Personality Theory Implicit personality theory: sets of ____________ about how ____________ of people, personality traits, and actions are _________ to each other Formed in ______________ Ex. The idea that happy people are also friendly people Ex. The idea that quiet people are also shy These are not necessarily ____, they do help us _______ our schemas Social Interaction: Prejudice and Aggression Section 7: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice Prejudice and Discrimination Discrimination Negative ________ _________ people held by a person differently because about the members of prejudice of a particular ____ toward the social ________ group to which ________________ they belong Cannot be ________________ ____________ or _______ can be ________________ made to ________ discrimination Types of Prejudice and Discrimination Examples: ageism, sexism, racism, etc. Vary based on group __________________ In-Group: social groups with who a person ___________ “____” Out-Group: social groups with whom a person ____________________ “_________” Usually __________ by the in-group These groups are formed in _________, and ___________ through life Section 8: How People Learn Prejudice Social Cognitive Theory Social Cognitive Theory: the use of _________________ in relation to understanding the ______________ Prejudice is an _________ formed like other attitudes being formed– through direct ________, __________, and other social ________________ Social Identity Theory Social identity theory: the formation of a person’s ________ within a particular _____________ is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison 1) social ______________________ 2) ______________– social identity: the part of the ____________ including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category Typically see self as belonging to the ________________ 3) social comparison: the comparison of oneself to others in ways that _____ one’s ___________________ Comparing self to ______________ others– “Well, at least I’m better than ___.” Prejudice may result from this “__” vs. “_____” ________________ Stereotype Vulnerability Stereotype vulnerability: the effect that people’s _________ of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their __________ People often feel anxious about behaving in ways that _____________ _______________ others have about their group That anxiety may result in _______ ___________________ that ends up confirming the stereotype Self-fulfilling prophecy: the tendency of one’s ___________ to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectations _______________ ____________ Section 9: Anatomy of a Cult Anatomy of a Cult Cult: any group of people with a particular _________ or ___________ set of ______ and __________ With this strict definition, __________ and _____________ are considered cults However, most people have a _____________________ of cults Assume that beliefs extremely different from __________ are viewed as ______________ Many cults exist without _______ Anatomy of a Cult Cult member characteristics _____________________ at time of recruitment ___________ ______________ with their lives Unassertive _____________ Dependent Desire to _____________________ Unrealistically idealistic Young people rebelling against ___________________________ Anatomy of a Cult Cult leaders are extremely _________ Steps to joining a cult 1) “____________”– showered with affection and attention 2) ______ from family and friends Keep recruits _____ with rigid rituals, was of dress, mediation, etc. 3) Teach members how to stop _________________ or _________ by saying it is a ____ 4) _______________ outside the cult is either shut-off completely or extremely limited 5) __________________________ Something small to quitting job and turning over all money Anatomy of a Cult It is difficult to ________ a cult Parents often have their child “________________” Some have to have their children “____________” If a member leaves on their own, they are ____________________ However, about _____ of cult members do eventually get out