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The Beginnings of Rome • Geography of Italy and Rome • Peoples of Ancient Rome • The Legend of Romulus and Remus The Geography of Italy Importance of Italian Peninsula to the growth of the Roman Empire? The Geography of Rome Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial? The Geography of Rome • Italians built their cities on the hill. WHY? • Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines. IMPORTANCE? • Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. (Foreshadowing) • They also built cities near rivers for a source of fresh water. Rome lies on the Tiber River. • Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful food supply and the city’s early growth. Seven Hills of Rome Seven Great Hills of Rome • • • • • • • Aventine: Remus chose to live. Also, home of the plebeians. Caelian: Many of Rome's elite lived on this hill during the Roman Republic. Capitoline: This hill was the site of many of Rome's earliest fortresses. It was also the hill of the government. Esquiline : This hill had a walled city on it since at least the 700s BCE. Palatine: This hill is the hill of Romulus. In Classical times it was the hill where Rome's rich and powerful chose to live. Quirinal: It is on this hill that the Sabines once lived and built their city. Viminalis: This is the smallest of the Seven Great Hills, and was one of the last to be included inside the walls of Rome. The Peoples of Italy • • • • • • Latium (Latins) Campania (Samnites, Oscans) Sabinum (Sabellians) Etruria (Etruscans) Magna Graecia (Greeks) Gaul The Etruscans • Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory – Numerous hypotheses • Indigenous (first humans to live in region) • Migrated from east, north, or south, circa 1000 BCE • Lived north of Rome – Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria) – Enemies of the Romans • Taught the Romans: – Arch in architecture, drainage and sewerbuilding, phalanx military formation The Latins • Indo-European tribe from the north • Settled south of the Tiber River in an area that came to be called Latium • Latin League formed for protection – Rome was the leading city in this league The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Why are myths and legends created? Why do you think the she-wolf was widely accepted as the one who took care of the boys straight out of the water instead of the Sheppard’s wife? Why do you think quasi-infanticide was acceptable in ancient cultures? What major developments of Rome do we see through the Story of Romulus and Remus? Seven Kings of Rome • Roman records list seven kings who ruled the city, some of whom were Etruscans. • The kingdom was not hereditary • The kings were elected by the comitia curiata. • Senate of Elders advised the king King Numa And King Hostilius • Numa Pompilius – Numa established the priesthoods and religious institutions of the Romans. His reign was a peaceful one. • Tullius Hostilius – Famous for his warlike exploits. – Conquered much surrounding territory and added it to the growing area of land ruled by Rome. – Tullius Hostilius symbolizes the ambitious and warlike nature of the Roman people. The Struggle for Political Power in Ancient Rome (article) 1. What were the differences between being a patrician or a plebeian? 2. After Rome overthrew the Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, they set up a republic. How did this form of government work? 3. How is Rome's republican government different that what we have in the United States today? 4. What was the Conflict of Orders and what did the Plebeians do in protest? 5. What changes were made to the government to resolve this conflict and placate (make happy) the plebeians? • Democracy – government with the participation and consent of those being governed • Republic – Government in which “the people” have an impact on decisions • Democratic republic – a representative democracy – “the people” impact decisions through direct vote, and through the election of representatives who vote on many issues Senate • Give ADVICE to the Consuls • Did NOT propose legislation but DELIBERATED on issues – Options: approve or veto • • • • Declared War Nominate Dictator Served for Life Decided Foreign Policy Tribunes • Looked after the public interest • Able to propose and veto legislation Assemblies • Ordinary MALE Citizens • The three citizen assemblies were called the Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata and the (or Concilium Plebis Dictator • Could only serve a max of 6 months • Temporary positions given in only the times of a crisis or emergency • No retribution for the actions taking during the dictatorship Praetors • Legal Power – Judges • Produced the public games • 2nd in line to the Consul • Assumed duties of Consul when the Consuls were absent from Rome Consuls • 2 consuls – 1 patrician and 1 plebeian • Elected through the assemblies by popular vote • Commanders-in-Chief of the army • 1 year term • Ruled with the ADVICE of the Senate Censors • Duties: – Taxes – Census – Voting • In charge of keeping morality (right and wrong) U.S./Rome Republic Government Comparison Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Punic Wars PowerPoint Presentation 1 The empire expands 2 Wealth and Slaves flood into Rome 5 The unemployed mob cause increased corruption & military commanders 3 become too influential as the army Senators buy up vast properties becomes dependent on 4 the spoils of war Smallholders move to Rome to try and find work Beginnings of the Fall of the Republic Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus Possible Motives for Reforms: – To relieve the plight of the poor and relocate them in the country – To relieve economic depression in Rome itself – To build up the strength and morale of the army – To get revenge against the Senate for affair in Numantia Tiberius as a Tribune • Proposed agrarian reform which limited public land to 320 acres. • All land in excess of this would be allotted to the poor for a small rent and would not be taken away for any reason. • Another tribune vetoed the law. – Tiberius persuaded the People's Assembly to impeach the tribune and elect someone more sympathetic – LAW GETS PASSED • The Senate refused to finance the commission. • Tiberius bypassed the Senate by persuading the People's Assembly to vote to use part of the treasure bequeathed by Attalus, King of Pergamum. – TIBERIUS KILLED! Ramifications of Tiberius' actions • Some people claimed, regardless of the legality, that Tiberius was giving too much power to the People's Assembly. • Tiberius' prolonged tribuneship frightened some because of its overtones of mob rule or a popularly supported dictatorship. Gauis Gracchus • Gaius continued the land reforms • He proposed a grain law which discounted the price of grain for the urban poor, and a public works program to increase employment. • He tried, unsuccessfully, to extend citizenship to all Latins, Rome's earliest allies. Opposition to Gaius • Gaius lost bid for re-election, and new tribunes repealed his reforms. Gaius responded by creating a bodyguard, or army of followers. • Affairs in Rome became very tense after rioting, and so the Senate declared martial law, giving full authority to consuls. • A consul, and his army fought Gaius and his army, defeating them and leading Gaius to commit suicide. The Importance of the Gracchi • They were the first to introduce legislation to relieve economic difficulties. • They exposed the weakness of the Roman constitution Gaius Marius • Made soldiers a full time job and gave them his money and land to support their fulltime job – Many Generals after follow Gaius’ ways – Soldiers not being paid by Rome but by General • Allegiance to them and not the state – Causes Civil Wars (HOW?) – Conflict of interest between Senate and General, General can use his army as force. Also if Generals disagree then they can fight each other L. Cornelius Sulla • Successful commander in Africa after 3rd Punic War • Given a command that Marius wanted – Take army to east to make money for Rome (Money means power) • Marius upset and forces the Senate to change their order – Sulla refuses to return and disband his army – Senate makes him an outlaw. Charges him of treason which brings death – Sulla marches on Rome and kills veterans of Marius • Puts price tags on their heads • Made the Senate declare an emergency and appoint him to dictator • Made the Senate reappoint him to dictator every 6th months • Believes himself to be reformer trying to fix Rome • Eventually retires of dictator and returns peacefully to his own farm • IMPORTANCE OF ROME – 1st General to take his army into Rome – Senate can’t push anyone if they show they have power Spartacus • Slave that eventually turned into a gladiator • Gladiator school – Him and 70 others freed themselves – Free other slaves after 2 years turn into 100,000 man army – Many of the slaves, including Spartacus, wanted to head home – they were taken from other lands during Rome expansion - Start south to Mount Vesuvius building the army then to east over the Apennines Mountains, heads north to Alps to return home. – Men convince Spartacus to return to pillage Rome. Return all the way South with the plan to cross over to Sicily. – Defeat after Rome sends a large army after him in the South. Unable to cross his army over to Sicily Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch