Download Ancient Rome

The Beginnings of
Rome
• Geography of Italy and Rome
• Peoples of Ancient Rome
• The Legend of Romulus and
Remus
The Geography of Italy
Importance of Italian Peninsula to the growth
of the Roman Empire?
The Geography of Rome
Based on location alone, how would
Rome’s location be beneficial?
The Geography of Rome
• Italians built their cities on the hill. WHY?
• Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the
Apennines. IMPORTANCE?
• Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their
eruptions could devastate Roman towns.
(Foreshadowing)
• They also built cities near rivers for a source of
fresh water. Rome lies on the Tiber River.
• Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful
food supply and the city’s early growth.
Seven Hills of Rome
Seven Great Hills of
Rome
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Aventine: Remus chose to live. Also, home of the
plebeians.
Caelian: Many of Rome's elite lived on this hill during the
Roman Republic.
Capitoline: This hill was the site of many of Rome's earliest
fortresses. It was also the hill of the government.
Esquiline : This hill had a walled city on it since at least the
700s BCE.
Palatine: This hill is the hill of Romulus. In Classical times
it was the hill where Rome's rich and powerful chose to live.
Quirinal: It is on this hill that the Sabines once lived and
built their city.
Viminalis: This is the smallest of the Seven Great Hills, and
was one of the last to be included inside the walls of Rome.
The Peoples of Italy
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Latium (Latins)
Campania (Samnites, Oscans)
Sabinum (Sabellians)
Etruria (Etruscans)
Magna Graecia (Greeks)
Gaul
The Etruscans
• Mystery – their origins are lost to
prehistory
– Numerous hypotheses
• Indigenous (first humans to live in region)
• Migrated from east, north, or south, circa 1000
BCE
• Lived north of Rome
– Region today called “Tuscany” after them
(ancient Etruria)
– Enemies of the Romans
• Taught the Romans:
– Arch in architecture, drainage and sewerbuilding, phalanx military formation
The Latins
• Indo-European tribe from the
north
• Settled south of the Tiber River in
an area that came to be called
Latium
• Latin League formed for
protection
– Rome was the leading city in this
league
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Why are myths and legends created?
Why do you think the she-wolf was widely
accepted as the one who took care of the boys
straight out of the water instead of the
Sheppard’s wife?
Why do you think quasi-infanticide was
acceptable in ancient cultures?
What major developments of Rome do we see
through the Story of Romulus and Remus?
Seven Kings of Rome
• Roman records list seven kings who
ruled the city, some of whom were
Etruscans.
• The kingdom was not hereditary
• The kings were elected by the comitia
curiata.
• Senate of Elders advised the king
King Numa And
King Hostilius
• Numa Pompilius
– Numa established the priesthoods and
religious institutions of the Romans. His
reign was a peaceful one.
• Tullius Hostilius
– Famous for his warlike exploits.
– Conquered much surrounding territory
and added it to the growing area of land
ruled by Rome.
– Tullius Hostilius symbolizes the ambitious
and warlike nature of the Roman people.
The Struggle for Political Power in
Ancient Rome (article)
1. What were the differences between being a
patrician or a plebeian?
2. After Rome overthrew the Etruscan king,
Tarquinius Superbus, they set up a republic.
How did this form of government work?
3. How is Rome's republican government
different that what we have in the United States
today?
4. What was the Conflict of Orders and what
did the Plebeians do in protest?
5. What changes were made to the government
to resolve this conflict and placate (make
happy) the plebeians?
• Democracy – government with the
participation and consent of those being
governed
• Republic – Government in which “the people”
have an impact on decisions
• Democratic republic – a representative
democracy – “the people” impact decisions
through direct vote, and through the election
of representatives who vote on many issues
Senate
• Give ADVICE to the Consuls
• Did NOT propose legislation but
DELIBERATED on issues
– Options: approve or veto
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Declared War
Nominate Dictator
Served for Life
Decided Foreign Policy
Tribunes
• Looked after the public interest
• Able to propose and veto
legislation
Assemblies
• Ordinary MALE Citizens
• The three citizen assemblies were
called the Comitia Curiata,
Comitia Centuriata and the (or
Concilium Plebis
Dictator
• Could only serve a max of 6
months
• Temporary positions given in only
the times of a crisis or emergency
• No retribution for the actions
taking during the dictatorship
Praetors
• Legal Power – Judges
• Produced the public games
• 2nd in line to the Consul
• Assumed duties of Consul when
the Consuls were absent from
Rome
Consuls
• 2 consuls – 1 patrician and 1
plebeian
• Elected through the assemblies by
popular vote
• Commanders-in-Chief of the army
• 1 year term
• Ruled with the ADVICE of the
Senate
Censors
• Duties:
– Taxes
– Census
– Voting
• In charge of keeping morality (right
and wrong)
U.S./Rome Republic
Government Comparison
Republican Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
Punic Wars PowerPoint
Presentation
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The empire expands
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Wealth and Slaves
flood into Rome
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The unemployed mob cause
increased corruption
& military commanders
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become too influential as the army
Senators buy up vast properties
becomes dependent on
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the spoils of war
Smallholders move
to Rome to try
and find work
Beginnings of the Fall of
the Republic
Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus
Possible Motives for
Reforms:
– To relieve the plight of the poor and
relocate them in the country
– To relieve economic depression in
Rome itself
– To build up the strength and morale
of the army
– To get revenge against the Senate
for affair in Numantia
Tiberius as a Tribune
• Proposed agrarian reform which limited public land to
320 acres.
• All land in excess of this would be allotted to the
poor for a small rent and would not be taken
away for any reason.
• Another tribune vetoed the law.
– Tiberius persuaded the People's Assembly to
impeach the tribune and elect someone more
sympathetic – LAW GETS PASSED
• The Senate refused to finance the commission.
• Tiberius bypassed the Senate by persuading the
People's Assembly to vote to use part of the treasure
bequeathed by Attalus, King of Pergamum.
– TIBERIUS KILLED!
Ramifications of Tiberius'
actions
• Some people claimed, regardless
of the legality, that Tiberius was
giving too much power to the
People's Assembly.
• Tiberius' prolonged tribuneship
frightened some because of its
overtones of mob rule or a
popularly supported dictatorship.
Gauis Gracchus
• Gaius continued the land reforms
• He proposed a grain law which
discounted the price of grain for the
urban poor, and a public works
program to increase employment.
• He tried, unsuccessfully, to extend
citizenship to all Latins, Rome's
earliest allies.
Opposition to Gaius
• Gaius lost bid for re-election, and new
tribunes repealed his reforms. Gaius
responded by creating a bodyguard, or
army of followers.
• Affairs in Rome became very tense
after rioting, and so the Senate
declared martial law, giving full
authority to consuls.
• A consul, and his army fought Gaius
and his army, defeating them and
leading Gaius to commit suicide.
The Importance of the
Gracchi
• They were the first to introduce
legislation to relieve economic
difficulties.
• They exposed the weakness of
the Roman constitution
Gaius Marius
• Made soldiers a full time job and
gave them his money and land to
support their fulltime job – Many
Generals after follow Gaius’ ways
– Soldiers not being paid by Rome but by
General
• Allegiance to them and not the state
– Causes Civil Wars (HOW?)
– Conflict of interest between Senate and
General, General can use his army as
force. Also if Generals disagree then
they can fight each other
L. Cornelius Sulla
• Successful commander in Africa after 3rd
Punic War
• Given a command that Marius wanted
– Take army to east to make money for Rome
(Money means power)
• Marius upset and forces the Senate to
change their order
– Sulla refuses to return and disband his army
– Senate makes him an outlaw. Charges him
of treason which brings death
– Sulla marches on Rome and kills veterans
of Marius
• Puts price tags on their heads
• Made the Senate declare an
emergency and appoint him to dictator
• Made the Senate reappoint him to
dictator every 6th months
• Believes himself to be reformer trying
to fix Rome
• Eventually retires of dictator and
returns peacefully to his own farm
• IMPORTANCE OF ROME – 1st
General to take his army into Rome
– Senate can’t push anyone if they show
they have power
Spartacus
• Slave that eventually turned into a
gladiator
• Gladiator school – Him and 70 others
freed themselves
– Free other slaves after 2 years turn into
100,000 man army
– Many of the slaves, including Spartacus,
wanted to head home – they were taken from
other lands during Rome expansion
- Start south to Mount Vesuvius
building the army then to east
over the Apennines Mountains,
heads north to Alps to return
home.
– Men convince Spartacus to
return to pillage Rome. Return
all the way South with the plan to
cross over to Sicily.
– Defeat after Rome sends a large
army after him in the South.
Unable to cross his army over to
Sicily
Rome’s Early Road System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
The Roman Colosseum
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
Carthaginian Empire
Hannibal’s Route
Reform Leaders
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
 Gaius Marius
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recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
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professional standing army.
Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Licinius Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Second Triumvirate
 Octavian Augustus
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
The First Roman
Dynasty
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Rise of Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
The Spread of Christianity
Imperial Roman Road System
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of Justinian
The Byzantine Emperor
Justinian
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch