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Download Diseases of the Immune System
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Diseases of the Immune System Immune System Diseases • Allergies • Immunodeficiencies • Autoimmune Disorders Immune System Diseases - Allergies • Abnormally vigorous immune responses • Different types… • Acute hypersensitivity • Pathogen & resulting antibodies cause release of histamine… • Which causes small blood vessels to become dilated and leaky • Symptoms include runny nose, watery eyes, itching, reddened skin (hives), bronchial constriction (asthma) • Antihistamine drugs can reverse effects Immune System Diseases - Allergies • Anaphylactic Shock • Allergen directly enters the blood and circulates rapidly throughout the body • Examples: Bee stings, spider bites, drug injections • Dilated & leaky blood vessels throughout body can be life-threatening • The drug Epinephrine can reverse effects (Epipen for people with history of severe allergic reaction) Immune System Diseases • Immunodeficiencies • Production or function of immune cells is abnormal • May be congenital or acquired • Examples include… Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS) • Deficit of both B and T cells • Have no immune response • “Bubble Boy” Disease • Some success with bone marrow transplants For twelve years David Vetter, born with combined immune deficiency, lived inside this plastic bubble at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, Texas, waiting for a cure to the disease that kept him prisoner. Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • The virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV) destroys Helper T Cells & Macrophages • Cell-mediated immunity is reduced • Virus then begins to multiply in lymph nodes – which takes longer in some than in others Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies • A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when the lymph nodes are destroyed & symptoms begin • Symptoms include severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, and increasingly frequent infections (gastrointestinal, pneumonia) • Some of the drugs that are used to help act by inhibiting the enzymes the HIV virus needs in order to multiply, or helps to boost number of Helper T Cells • THERE IS NO CURE OR VACCINE. Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies • Facts: • 33.2 million worldwide have AIDS; 2.5 million are children under age 15 • 1.9 million died of AIDS in 2010; 330,000 were children under age 15 • Sub-Sahara Africa contains 68% of the AIDS population • The median survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype Immune System Diseases • Autoimmune Diseases • The immune system does not distinguish between self and non-self • The body produces antibodies and T Cells that attack its own tissues • Examples Include… Immune System Diseases - Autoimmune Diseases • Multiple sclerosis: myelin sheaths in the white matter of brain & spinal cord are destroyed • Causing muscle and neural deterioration, psychological issues, vision problems, chronic pain • Type 1 diabetes: destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin (insulin is needed to get glucose into cells) • Causing abnormal fluctuations in blood glucose levels (both too high and too low) • Can lead to seizures, comas, ketoacidosis, organ injury/death (eyes, kidneys,etc). • Rheumatoid arthritis: systemic inflammatory disorder • destroys joints (inflammation of covering around synovial joints) and can damage cartilage as well • Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus): systemic inflammatory disorder • can affect kidney, heart, lung, blood vessels, nervous system, skin