Download Ancient Rome - Regents Review

The
Romans
The Geography of
Rome
Italy in 750 BCE
Influence of the
Etruscans
§ Writing
§ Religion
§ The Arch
The Mythical
Founding of Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Republican
Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450
BCE
§ Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
The Roman Forum
Rome’s eaRly Road
System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman
Aqueducts
The Roman
Colosseum
The Colosseum
Interior
Circus Maximus
Carthaginian
Empire
Hannibal’s Route
Reform Leaders
§ Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
•
the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
§ Gaius Marius
•
recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
•
professional standing army.
Civil War &
Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
No Turning Back
Beware the Ides of
March!
44 BCE
The Second
Triumvirate
§ Octavian Augustus
§ Marc Antony
§ Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s FiRst empeRoR
Pax Romana:
27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of
the Roman Empire – 14 CE
IX. Emperors
• Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family):
– Tiberius: able leader; accused people of
treason
– Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a guard
– Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty
focusing
– Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the early
“Christians”; sentenced to death for treason
• Good Emperors (administrative skills):
–
–
–
–
Trajan: increased the size of the Empire
Hadrian: strengthened the frontier
Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity
Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”;
brought the empire to its height of prosperity
X. The Roman Empire
• Imperial Rule:
– Augustus improved the working or the
empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved”
– Augustus appointed himself Pontifex
Maximus
• The Law:
– jus gentium: law that dealt with
noncitizens
– jus civile: law that dealt with citizens
– Formed the basis for Church and Western
law
• An Imperial Army:
– Standing army was reduced in size due to
peace
– A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders
become a problem
X. The Roman Empire
• The Economy:
– Artisans made commodities that were
sold throughout the empire
– Traded commodities for “luxury” goods
• Educational
Advances/Accomplishments
– Galen:
• Formed the basis of Roman medical science
which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years
– Ptolemy:
• Egyptian astronomer whose work later allowed
others to predict the planets’ motions
XI. The Rise of Christianity
• Christianity was practiced in the Med.
region
– Jews were oppressed under Roman rule
– Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them
• Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D. 30-33)
– Preached that God was loving/forgiving to
all
– Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish
officials
– Pontius Pilate sentenced him to crucifixion
• Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with him
– A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman
Empire
• Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churches
XI. Rise of Christianity
• Two Main Disciples
– Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews
• Believed that he founded the church in Rome
• Crucified upside down
– Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles
• Was once a persecutor of “Christians”
• Nero had him beheaded
• Persecution of Early Christians
– Taught that their religion was the only way
– Were accused of treason (did not honor
emperor)
– Often were killed as martyrs (in the Colosseum)
– Christianity was mainly practiced in the cities
XII. Roman Adoption of
Christianity
• A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into
battle under the sign of the “flaming
cross”
• A.D. 313 – Edict of Milan
– Allowed for freedom of religious worship
• A.D. 325 Council of Nicaea
– Decided on official doctrine/teachings
– Jesus had both human and godly qualities
• A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity
the official religion of the empire
– Banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions
XIII. The Early Church
• Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in
order to prosper (Council of Nicaea)
• Augustine – City of God and Confessions
• Church Structure (hierarchy)
– Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs
– 400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority
over all of the other bishops
– Greek churches did not recognize his auth.
– The Great Schism: a large split in the church
• Latin (Western) churches became Roman
Catholic
• Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern
Orthodox
The Rise of
Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the
Gentiles
The Spread of
Christianity
The Council of
Nicaea
• Settled on Basic Doctrine
• Jesus had both human and godly
Charcteristics
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “tHe 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Barbarian Invasions:
4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“tHe sCouRge oF god”
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman
Empire
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of
Justinian
The Byzantine
Emperor Justinian
The Legacy of Rome
§
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§
§
§
§
§
Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch