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The Romans The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BCE Influence of the Etruscans § Writing § Religion § The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE § Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. The Roman Forum Rome’s eaRly Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Reform Leaders § Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer § Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC No Turning Back Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate § Octavian Augustus § Marc Antony § Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s FiRst empeRoR Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE IX. Emperors • Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family): – Tiberius: able leader; accused people of treason – Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a guard – Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty focusing – Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the early “Christians”; sentenced to death for treason • Good Emperors (administrative skills): – – – – Trajan: increased the size of the Empire Hadrian: strengthened the frontier Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”; brought the empire to its height of prosperity X. The Roman Empire • Imperial Rule: – Augustus improved the working or the empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved” – Augustus appointed himself Pontifex Maximus • The Law: – jus gentium: law that dealt with noncitizens – jus civile: law that dealt with citizens – Formed the basis for Church and Western law • An Imperial Army: – Standing army was reduced in size due to peace – A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders become a problem X. The Roman Empire • The Economy: – Artisans made commodities that were sold throughout the empire – Traded commodities for “luxury” goods • Educational Advances/Accomplishments – Galen: • Formed the basis of Roman medical science which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years – Ptolemy: • Egyptian astronomer whose work later allowed others to predict the planets’ motions XI. The Rise of Christianity • Christianity was practiced in the Med. region – Jews were oppressed under Roman rule – Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them • Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D. 30-33) – Preached that God was loving/forgiving to all – Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish officials – Pontius Pilate sentenced him to crucifixion • Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with him – A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman Empire • Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churches XI. Rise of Christianity • Two Main Disciples – Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews • Believed that he founded the church in Rome • Crucified upside down – Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles • Was once a persecutor of “Christians” • Nero had him beheaded • Persecution of Early Christians – Taught that their religion was the only way – Were accused of treason (did not honor emperor) – Often were killed as martyrs (in the Colosseum) – Christianity was mainly practiced in the cities XII. Roman Adoption of Christianity • A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross” • A.D. 313 – Edict of Milan – Allowed for freedom of religious worship • A.D. 325 Council of Nicaea – Decided on official doctrine/teachings – Jesus had both human and godly qualities • A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire – Banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions XIII. The Early Church • Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea) • Augustine – City of God and Confessions • Church Structure (hierarchy) – Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs – 400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority over all of the other bishops – Greek churches did not recognize his auth. – The Great Schism: a large split in the church • Latin (Western) churches became Roman Catholic • Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern Orthodox The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity The Council of Nicaea • Settled on Basic Doctrine • Jesus had both human and godly Charcteristics Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “tHe 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “tHe sCouRge oF god” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome § § § § § § § Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch