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12/22/2016 Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Learning (7th Ed) Chapter 8 • Learning Learning – Classical Conditioning o relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Association Association • We learn by association (which we get through experience) Event 1 Event 2 • Learning to associate two events o Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence o Aristotle 2000 years ago o John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics • Associative Learning o learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Classical Conditioning • We learn automatically to associate two stimuli • Ivan Pavlov o 1849-1936 o Russian physician/ neurophysiologist o Nobel Prize in 1904 o studied digestive secretions 1 12/22/2016 Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning • Classical Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) o organism UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) During Conditioning No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) CS (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation) Behaviorism Classical Conditioning • John B. Watson o viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon consensus today o recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted by all schools of thought today Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) comes to associate two stimuli and responds AUTOMATICALLY o Subjects connects a new (conditioned) stimulus with an natural (unconditioned) stimulus, responding to both the same way o Video example • Acquisition o the initial stage in classical conditioning o Must be within seconds of each other o the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response o in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) CR (sexual arousal) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) 2