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Chapter 2 Learning (I) Classical Conditioning Instinct Salmon Weaver Bird Reflex—a simple innate behavior Fixed action pattern (FAP)—a ~ is an instinctual chain of movements found in all members of a species. It prepare animals to meet major needs in their lives Question: Do Human Have Instincts? Human have reflexes But most psychologist reject the idea that human have instincts —species specific Learning vs. Instinct our learning gives us more flexibility and adaptability Learning: The Definitions A relatively permanent change due to experience (text book) The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding (Psychology 7th edition 2006) A process that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential, is based on experience (Psychology and Life 18th edition.) Keys to Learning Change (potential) Experience excludes temporary change caused by fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs Permanent, enduring, consistent Active or passive? Associative Learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) Behaviorism 1. 2. the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Describe, understand, predict and control Classical (Pavlovian, Respondent) Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments UCSUCR Neutral Stimulus (NS) No response NS+UCS UCR NS can produce the target R independently, so it is called CS, and the former UCSUCR CS CR Elements of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization in the experiment; phobia; babyface Stimulus Discrimination in the experiment; sounds of parents (an anecdote) Second-order conditioning Lemonade powder + Pavlov Salivation 望梅止渴 Succulent how to learn a new word efficiently 品牌 Factors Influence Classical C. The intensity of the UCS (reinforcer) The numbers of parings of the CS and the UCS Timing New directions Applications of Classical C. Immune system (Ader & Koon,1982) Explaining taste aversion Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs) John B. Watson and his classical experiment on phobia In daily life advertisement Further examples Learning to Be a Drug Addict Siegel, S. (1982, 1984, 2005) Trauma as Classical Conditioning Women in red (Daniela Niesta, 2008)