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BIO 212
Fall Semester 2015
First Test
Honor signature _________________________________________________
Lab (circle one):
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Multiple Choice (2 pts each)
__________ 1. Which of the following “themes in the study of life” is misstated?
a. Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information.
b. Evolution – biology’s core theme – accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
c. Interactions are very important at higher levels of the biological hierarchy, but less important at lower levels.
d. Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter.
e. New properties emerge at successive levels of biological hierarchy.
__________ 2. Which type of bond or interaction listed below is found whether water (H2O) is in the liquid state or in the gas state?
a. hydrogen bond
d. nonpolar covalent bond
b. dipole-dipole interaction
e. polar covalent bond
c. London forces
__________ 3. Which stable, subatomic particle is the most relevant to understanding the chemical reactions of molecules?
a. proton
c. neutron
b. neutrino
d. electron
__________ 4. Which of the following elements has three valence electrons?
a. Aluminum (Al)
d. Nitrogen (N)
b. Lithium (Li)
e. Oxygen (O)
c. Magnesium (Mg)
__________ 5. Moving which one of these levels in the biological hierarchy would put them in the correct order?
organism …organ system …organs…organelles…tissues…cells…molecules…functional groups
a.
b.
c.
cells
functional groups
organ systems
d. organelles
e. tissues
__________ 6. When radioactive carbon-14 decays, a(n) __________ becomes a(n) __________ and a β -; the latter and energy
are emitted.
14
14

6
7
C  N    0156
.
MeV
a.
b.
c.
proton ….. neutron
proton ….. electron
electron ….. proton
d. neutron ….. electron
e. neutron ….. proton
__________ 7. We placed the element phosphorus (P), which is found in ATP and phosphoglycerolipids, in the:
a. alkali metal and halogen group.
d. “energy currency” group.
b. alkaline Earth metal group.
e. trace element group.
c. covalent bond group.
__________ 8. A species (like Equus quagga ... the plains zebra) belongs to one taxon at each category of classification. Which of
the following categories of classification to which Equus quagga belongs would have the largest number of other
species? (That is, which of the following categories of classification has the most breadth?)
a. Class Mammalia
d. Order Perissodactyla
b. Family Equidae
e. Phylum Chordata
c. Genus Equus
__________ 9. Which of the following is hypertonic to all of the others? (“M” stands for molar and “m” stands for molal.)
a. 4 M sucrose solution
c. 4 m sucrose solution
b. 4 M NaCl solution
d. 4 m NaCl solution
__________ 10. Which of the following molecules can form an intermolecular hydrogen bond with a water molecule, but cannot
form an intermolecular hydrogen bond with another molecule like itself?
a. ethanal
b. ethane
c. ethanol
d. ethanethiol
__________ 11. How could you make a living human’s red blood cell plasma membrane less fluid?
a. replace some cholesterol with phospholipids containing 16:19 fatty acids
b. replace some 16:0 fatty acids with 18:0 fatty acids
c. replace some 18:0 fatty acids with 18:29, ∆12 fatty acids
d. Two of the above would make a living human rbc’s plasma membrane less fluid.
e. More than one
of these fits
this description!
__________12. In the laboratory, when the cylinder of potato placed in deionized water for two hours stopped gaining mass, which of
the following were equal in value when comparing the cellular fluids of the potato cylinder to the deionized water?
a. osmotic potentials
c. water potentials
b. pressure potentials
d. Two or more of the above were equal in value.
__________ 13. Where would the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge be the greatest (see number 15 below)?
a. dissolved in water where the value of the dielectric constant is 78.5
b. dissolved in ethanol where the value of the dielectric constant is 24.3
c. on the surface of a water-soluble, globular protein where the value of the dielectric constant is 58.2
d. in the interior of a water-soluble, globular protein where the value of the dielectric constant is 4.5
__________ 14. Water is often used in the evaporative cooling of organisms. Which property of water is most directly responsible for
water’s ability to effect evaporative cooling?
a. water’s density of 0.997 g/cm3
d. water’s heat of vaporization of 2.26 kJ/g
b. water’s dielectric constant of 78.54
e. water’s surface tension of 71.97 dyne/cm
c. water’s specific heat of 4.184J/g/ºC
__________ 15. The force between two ions is described by the following equation, where e1 and e2 are the magnitude of the charges,
κ is the value of the dielectric constant of the solvent, ε is the permittivity constant, and r is the distance between the
two charges:
F
e1e2
40 r 2
Which of the following best describes how the force is related to the value of the dielectric constant?
a.
b.
They are directly proportional.
They are exactly equal, except for units.
c. They are inversely proportional.
d. One is always twice the value of the other.
__________16. Which simple functional group acts as an acid, and so is usually dissociated at physiological pH values?
a. amino
d. methyl
b. carboxyl
e. sulfhydryl
c. hydroxyl
__________17. How many chiral (asymmetric) carbons does the molecule drawn to the right have?
a. 0
d. 3
b. 1
e. 4
c. 2
__________18. Reactions having which of the following values are only thermodynamically possible
above a critical temperature?
a. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
c. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
b. ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0
d. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
__________19. The molecular weight of alanine is 89 g/mole. To make 500 mL of a 2.00 molar (M) solution of alanine you would:
a. add 89 g of glycine to exactly 500 g of water and then dissolve.
b. add 178 g of glycine to exactly 500 g of water and then dissolve.
c. add 89 g of glycine to 400 mL of water, dissolve, and bring the volume up to 500 mL.
d. add 178 g of glycine to 400 mL of water, dissolve, and bring the volume up to 500 mL.
__________20. For coupled enzyme reactions, one:
a. multiplies equilibrium constants and multiplies G values.
b. multiplies equilibrium constants and adds  G values.
c. adds equilibrium constants and multiplies G values.
d. adds equilibrium constants and adds G values.
__________21. Which red blood cell metabolic pathway directly produces
the 2,3-DPG that stabilizes the T-state of hemoglobin (Hb)?
a. lactate fermentation
c. phosphogluconate
b. methemoglobin reductase
d. Rapoport-Leubering
__________22. What type of microscope was used to get the view of the red
blood cell traveling through an arteriole seen to the right?
a. compound light
c. scanning electron
b. dissecting
d. transmission electron
__________23. The graph to the right is from the study of turnip peroxidase’s activity
(i.e., reaction velocity) as influenced by a factor. The x-axis should
be labeled __________.
a. Peroxidase amount added (mL)
b. Temperature (°C)
c. pH
d. H2O2 concentration (%)
__________24. Which of the following shows positive cooperativity with the
enzyme phosphofructokinase?
a. AMP
d. fructose-6-phosphate
b. ATP
e. pyruvate
c. citrate
__________ 25. The pair of molecules to the right is an
example of __________ isomers?
a. cis-trans
b. enantiomeric
c. structural
d. They aren’t even isomers!
__________26. Which of the following correctly depicts the net important energy products per glucose for glycolysis when glucose
is metabolized to 2 pyruvates?
a. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
d. 4 ATP and 4 NADH
b. 2 ATP and 4 NADH
e. None of the above is correct.
c. 4 ATP and 2 NADH
__________27. For which level of protein structure for a single polypeptide is hydrogen-bonding between carbonyl oxygens and
amide hydrogens the main stabilizing force?
a. primary
c. secondary
b. quaternary
d. tertiary
__________28. Of the five study techniques listed below, which one was claimed to be one of the two most effective by the authors
of the paper “Improving Students’ Learning with Effective Learning Techniques”?
a. distributed practice
d. imagery for text
b. elaborative interrogation
e. rereading the text
c. highlighting/underlining
__________29. Which of the following mechanisms allows glucose to cross the plasma membrane of a red blood cell?
a. facilitated diffusion
d. secondary active transport
b. osmosis
e. simple diffusion
c. primary active transport
__________ 30. The enzyme-substrate complex with the highest free energy is known as the __________ .
a. activation free energy (EA)
c. catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM)
b. active site
d. transition state
Short answer and problems.
1.
a. Draw the molecular structure of the dipeptide asparaginyl-serine (asparagine―serine) as it would be found at pH = 7.0. (3 pts)
b. On your drawn structure, carefully circle and name four different simple functional groups. (2 pts)
c. On your drawn structure, draw an arrow to and name the single covalent bond that connects the two amino acid residues
together. (1 pt)
d. Write the name of the complex functionality which that single covalent bond is part of in the blank to the right. (1 pt)
If you can’t remember how to make the connection or how to draw the entire amino acid, draw the parts (asparagine and serine) or
just the R-groups for partial credit.
Functionality containing bond: ____________________
2.
Rank the following four molecules from the one whose intermolecular forces have the highest percentage contribution from
Keesom interactions (e.g., dipole-dipole interactions, including hydrogen bonding) to the one whose intermolecular forces have
the lowest percentage contribution from Keesom interactions. (4 pts)
carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4)
Highest percentage contribution:
ethanol
(CH3CH2OH)
_______________
_______________
_______________
Lowest percentage contribution:
_______________
water
(H2O)
diethyl ether
(CH3CH2OCH2CH3)
3.
List the four claims of the fluid mosaic model of the membrane. You do not need to explain them, but you do need to state them
carefully and completely for full credit. (4 pts)
4.
For chemical reactions to occur, they must be both thermodynamically possible and kinetically possible. Carefully explain what
we mean by each of these terms. For complete credit, a fully labeled energy diagram for a reaction with and without an enzyme
should be included and referred to. (7 pts)
5.
Hereditary spherocytosis of red blood cells is usually an autosomal dominant trait and is most commonly found in Northern
European and Japanese families. The primary defect in hereditary spherocytosis is a deficiency of membrane surface area.
Decreased membrane surface area may be produced by two different mechanisms: (1) Defects of spectrin, ankyrin (most
commonly), or protein 4.2 lead to reduced density of the membrane cytoskeleton, destabilizing the overlying lipid bilayer and
releasing Band 3-containing microvesicles or (2) Defects of Band 3 lead to Band 3 deficiency and loss of its lipid-stabilizing
effect; this results in the loss of Band 3-free microvesicles. Both pathways result in (1) membrane loss, (2) decreased surface
area, and (3) formation of spherocytes with decreased deformability. As the spleen normally targets abnormally shaped red
blood cells, it also destroys spherocytes. In hereditary spherocytosis, red blood cells fail to pass through the spleen and get
phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. Answer the following questions:
a.
What is the shape of a normal human red blood cell (e.g.,
when it’s not in a capillary)? (1 pt)
b.
What is the shape of a normal human red blood cell when
it is in a capillary? (1 pt)
c.
Name the most common secondary structure found in the
protein spectrin? (1 pt; For c, d, and e see diagrams to the
right.)
d.
Describe in detail the tertiary structure of β-spectrin. (2
pts)
Spectrin repeat domain
e.
Describe in detail the quaternary structure of spectrin. (2 pts)
f.
What is the function of ankyrin? (1 pt)
g.
Which one of the proteins mentioned above (i.e., spectrin, ankyrin, or Band 3) is an integral membrane protein? (1 pt)
Relevant and possibly useful abbreviations in the
diagrams above: N = amino end; C = carboxyl
end; ABD = actin-binding domain; α = alpha
subunit; β = beta subunit; Ank = ankyrin-binding
domain; R = repeat unit (domain).
6.
The figure below shows one end of the protein calmodulin (CaM) with two bound Ca 2+ ions as spheres in gold (see the screen at
the front of the room for a color picture). Match each type of secondary structure using the possibilities listed to the right. (1 pt
each)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
_____ red parts
right-handed α-helix
left-handed α-helix
β-bend
antiparallel β-pleated sheet
parallel β-pleated sheet
coil or loop conformation
_____ yellow parts
_____ green parts
__________ The calcium-binding EF-hand of calmodulin (CaM) is a 12
amino acid run represented by the flesh-colored portion in
the diagram to the right. Although the Ca2+ is coordinated
to many backbone carbonyl oxygens of this 12 amino acid
run, it is the R-group of the first amino acid that initially
binds the Ca2+. Which of the following amino acids is
most likely to be this first amino acid? (2 pts)
a. alanine
c. lysine
b. aspartic acid
d. serine
We now know that calmodulin (CaM) doesn’t bind all four Ca 2+ ions with equal affinity. The following table gives you some
thermodynamic values for each independent binding site that you can use to answer the following questions.
Thermodynamic
value
Ka
ΔG (kJ/mole)
ΔH (kJ/mole)
-TΔS (kJ/mole)
Binding site 1
Binding site 2
Binding site 3
Binding site 4
271,000
–32.3
1.09
̶ 33.4
14,100
–24.6
10.1
̶ 34.7
192,000
–31.4
–4.67
̶ 26.7
2,270
–19.9
–0.20
̶ 19.7
__________ Which binding site has the highest affinity for Ca2+ binding? (2 pts)
a. Binding site 1
c. Binding site 3
b. Binding site 2
d. Binding site 4
__________ Binding site 2 is ____________ driven. (2 pts)
a. only enthalpically
c. both enthalpically and entropically
b. only entropically
d. neither enthalpically nor entropically
________________ What is the overall value of ΔG (in kJ/mole) when binding all four Ca2+ ions sequentially? (2 pts)
The value of –TΔS is -33.4 kJ/mole for the binding of a previously hydrated Ca 2+ to CaM at Binding site 1. Carefully explain
which component of the system (the Ca2+, the CAM, or the H2O) is primarily responsible for this value and what the relevant
changes are. (2 pts)