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Introduction to Plant
Tissue Culture
In vitro culture,
Cell Culture, Tissue
Culture, Organ Culture,
Embryo Culture?
In Vitro Culture
The culture of organized living material cell
under artificial condition in tubes, glasses, dishes
 The process of growing organized living
materials artificially in the laboratory
 The culture and maintenance of organized living
materials, in sterile, nutritionally (synthetic
media) and environmentally (controlled)
supportive conditions

Organized living material
Homogeneous
(tissues)
Heterogeneous
(organs)
Tissue
Hooke (1665) and Leeuwenhoek (1677) using
microscope discovered tissues were made of
cells
Cells
The cells of a particular tissue had a common
structure.
Cell




Taken to its simplest
form
A plasma membrane…
Surrounding
cytoplasm…
Containing hereditary
material.
Level of complexity


Xavier Bichat (1771-1802):
An organ is composed of
different tissues
Several organs can be
grouped together as an
organ system (e.g. the
digestive system)
Organism
Organsystem
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Level of complexity

Purkinje (1835) observed a fertilised hen's egg (a
single cell) could develop into an embryo (many
specialised cells in a compact mass)
 C19th botanists showed that plant tissues
consist of many different types of cells.
THE CELL THEORY

Schleiden (1838) & Schwann (1839)
“The cell is the basic unit of living tissue”
The cell is an autonomous unit (“a citizen”)
grouped together to form an organism (“the
society”).
« Omnis cellula e cellula »
Virchow (1858)
“all cells come
from pre-existing
cells”
Cell culture
The process by which prokaryotic,
eukaryotic or plant cells are grown under
controlled conditions.
Cell culture was first successfully undertaken
in animal cell by Ross Harrison (1907) and in
plant cells by Haberlandt (1902)
ORGANISMAL THEORY
Reichert (a morphologist):
An organism has a structured plan
Image Credit Frog embryo fate map
Plasmodesmata
Strasberger (a cytologist):
Cells are connected in an
organism sometimes by
cytoplasmic bridges
Acellular organisms
Some organisms do not
have cellular
compartments
Unicellular organisms


Some organisms only
consist of a single cell
But these do usually have
the cell components
(nucleus, membrane,
etc)
Tissue culture
In vitro cultivation of organs, tissues & cells at defined
temperature using an incubator & supplemented with a
medium containing cell nutrients & growth factors


Cells can be cultured
away from a body
But this often requires
elaborate support
systems (technology)
Organized living material
1.Animal Cells
2.Plant Cells
Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Tissue Culture
“the aseptic culture of plant protoplasts,
cells, tissues or organs under conditions
which lead to cell multiplication or
regeneration of organs or whole plants “
Basic Tissue Culture Procedures
Requirement
Appropriate tissue (some tissues culture better than
others)
A suitable growth medium containing energy
sources and inorganic salts to supply cell growth
needs. This can be liquid or semisolid
Aseptic (sterile) conditions, as microorganisms grow
much more quickly than plant tissue and can over
run a culture
Growth regulators, both auxins & cytokinins.
Why we should learn Plant
Tissue Culture?

Commercial purpose
1. Propagation
2. Secondary metabolite

Research Purpose
1. Nutrient adsorption
2. Growth hormone function

Breeding purpose
1. Preservation
2. Genetic variability
3. Hybridization
4. Selection
Course Outline
History of plant tissue culture
 Basic principle of plant tissue culture
 Determining factors in plant tissue culture
 Micropropagation
 Pattern of development
 Micropropation enterprice
