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Transcript
Enhancing the Six Phase II Detoxification Pathways by Consuming the Necessary Nutrients The detoxification system of the body consists of three phases that process toxins for excretion from the body. The Phase I detoxification pathway is responsible for breaking fat-soluble toxins down and then sending the metabolites to the Phase II detoxification pathways, which builds new substances from the metabolites by adding molecules to them, which is called conjugation. The purpose of the addition or conjugation of new substances to the Phase I toxic metabolites is to convert them into water-soluble forms and make them easier to transport, more stable and more functional for the body to excrete. Once the toxic metabolites are conjugated by Phase II substances, Phase III molecules transport the stable toxins out of the body through the urine and/or bile. There are 6 Phase II detoxification pathways in the body. Each conjugation pathway serves a specific purpose of detoxifying certain toxins and requires specific nutrients to function. These 6 detoxification pathways include: Glutathione conjugation Methylation Sulfation Acylation/Glycation Acetylation Glucuronidation These 6 conjugation pathways are found primarily in the liver and in various other locations within the body: Locations of Phase 2 Conjugation Pathways Conjugation System Location in Body Acylation/Glycation conjugation liver, kidney Glutathione conjugation liver, kidney Glucuronidation liver, kidney, intestine, lung, skin, prostate, brain Acetylation liver, lung, spleen, gastric mucosa, RBCs, lymphocytes Sulfation liver, kidney, intestine Methylation liver, kidney, lung, CNS Source: Liston HL, Markowitz JS, DeVane CL (October 2001). “Drug glucuronidation in clinical psychopharmacology”. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21 (5): 500–15. doi:10.1097/00004714-200110000-00008. PMID 11593076 In order for each conjugation pathways to function properly, they require specific nutrients. These nutrients are listed in the Table below: Phase II Conjugation Pathways Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Glutathione is an intracellular antioxidant. It is synthesized from the amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. It is synthesized from the amino acids cysteine, Fat soluble toxins: glutamic acid, solvents, herbicides, and glycine. fungicides, Cruciferous vegetables, Glutathione hydrocarbons and Vitamin C, Alpha lipoic Glutathione conjugation is lipid peroxides. acid, whey protein, N- conjugation used to Heavy metals Acetyl-Cysteine, eliminate toxins (mercury, cadmium, Glutamine and through the lead). Nicotine and methionine, milk thistle lungs, intestines toxins from tobacco and kidneys, as smoke. Alcohol well as the liver. Exposure to high levels of toxins and heavy metals deplete glutathione faster than it can be replenished Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Hormones: estrogen, melatonin. Methylation conjugates toxins to methyl Methylation groups, particularly the amino acid methionine Neurotransmitters: Epinephrine and Amino acid: methionine, norepinephrine, B-Vitamins: B12, B6 and dopamine, Folic acid, Choline, histamine, serotonin. Betaine (TMG), It converts pyridine, Magnesium, Zinc, SAMe sulphites and (S-adenosylmethionine) hypochlorites into compounds excreted through the lungs Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Conjugates toxins to sulfur compounds. Sulfation requires sulphate and is limited by the amount present in the body. Sulphate may be ingested from food, but is Sulfation also produced by the action of the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase on the amino acid cysteine. acetaminophen, Food additives: aspartame, Hormones and neurotransmitters: cortisol, thyroid, steroidal, Toxins from intestinal bacteria, Various environmental Methionine and cysteine, sulfur rich vegetables, B Vitamins: B1, B2 and B12, Magnesium, Zinc, MSM, N-Acetyl-Cysteine, Indole-3-Carbinol toxins, Xenoestrogens Sulfoxidation, a final stage of methylation, transforms toxic sulfites into sulfate Attaching toxins to amino acids glycine, Amino Acid glutamine and Benzoate, Salycilates Conjugation: tuarine. (aspirin), Toluene Acylation/Glycination Attaching toxins (industrial solvent) to glycine is also Protein-rich foods, Amino acids: glycine, taurine, glutamine, arginine, and ornithine known as glycination Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Attaches acetyl co-A to toxins. Neurotransmitters: Poor acetylation histamine, serotonin, prolongs the life Salicylic acid, PABA, Acetylation span of drugs Sulfa drugs, and other toxic environmental chemicals in the toxins, tobacco body, thus smoke, exhaust enhancing their fumes Pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin C, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) toxicity Conjugation Pathway Function Detoxifies Nutrients to Enhance Cover photo: Buddha’s hand or fingered citron (Chinese (佛手柑), Japanese (仏手柑), and Korean (불수감)