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Transcript
Immune System Part 1: Lymphatic Organs & Disease Chapter 13 / 40-1 Overview I. Immune System Functions II. Lymphatic Organs & Tissues III. Immune Disorders IV. Infectious Disease V. Immune Defenses VI. Immunity I. Immune System Consists of a network of lymphatic organs, tissues, and cells Plays an important role in keeping us healthy When homeostasis is NOT in balance, the body has disease Function Defends body against disease using white blood cells to maintain homeostasis White blood cells are produced by the lymphatic organs to fight pathogens invading the body Pathogens are things that infect you and make you sick II. Lymphatic Organs 1. Red Marrow 2. Thymus 3. Spleen 4. Lymph nodes & vessels 5. Tonsils & Adenoids 6. Appendix & Peyer’s patches 1. Red Bone Marrow Function: site of stem cell production and creation of white blood cells. In adults, red marrow is found in long and flat bones. In children it is found in most bones 5 Types of White Blood Cells Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte (B lymphocyte & T lymphocyte) 2. Thymus Located below the sternum Larger in children, shrinks with age Critical to immunity Function: allows the body to reject foreign tissues or invading pathogens Immature T-lymphocytes (from red marrow) move to the thymus where they mature 3. Spleen Located on the left side of the abdomen Function: Filters blood cells and destroys worn out blood cells, engulfs debris Can live with out the spleen but more susceptible to infections 4. Lymph Nodes & Vessels Function: Lymph nodes filter lymph Lymph– excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels Mostly made of water and dissolved substances (electrolytes, oxygen) Lymph may contain white blood cells, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and cell debris 4. Lymph Nodes & Vessels Nodes can become swollen when infected Function: Lymph vessels transport lymph from tissues and nodes back to the heart 5. Tonsils & Adenoids Small masses of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx Function: Trap and remove pathogens and other foreign materials that enter the mouth or nose Adenoids, like the thymus, shrink with age 6. Appendix & Peyer’s Patches Both are located in intestinal wall Function: Encounter pathogens that enter the body through the intestinal tract. III. Immune Disorders A. Allergies Tricks immune system to have response Response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells Symptoms of allergic reaction Hives, itching, swelling Tightness of chest, difficulty breathing Swelling of tongue Dizziness, drop in BP Anaphylactic shock Unconsciousness or cardiac arrest B. Edema Localized swelling due to the accumulation of lymph Can lead to tissue damage and eventual death if untreated C. Autoimmune Diseases The immune system does not distinguish between self and non-self The body produces white blood cells that attack its own tissues Examples of autoimmune diseases Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed Juvenile diabetes – destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints III. Infectious Disease Disrupts normal body function (homeostasis) Caused by a pathogen. Pathogen: anything that invades your body & causes a disease Ex: bacteria, protozoan, fungi, viruses, parasites, worms It can be contagious (passed from person to person) A. Disease Transmission People may carry a disease without even knowing it. Can be spread during the incubation period (before symptoms occur) Transmission by: 1. Direct contact 2. Indirect contact-through the air Kissing coughing & sneezing 3. Contact with object sharing drinks, door knobs, desks 4. Infected animals Vector transmits disease Ex: mosquito 5. Contaminated food or water food poisoning B. Agents of Disease 1. Protists feed on nutrients in host’s blood 2. Worms parasitic flatworms & round worms ex: tapeworms & hook worms 3. Fungi attack moist areas, like the skin, scalp, mouth & throat ex: malaria, dysentery ex: ringworms & athlete’s foot 4. Bacteria See Next Sections 4. Bacteria Bacteria (prokaryotes) have a cell wall, cell membrane, genetic material, and ribosomes for protein production Bacteria do not have a nucleus or organelles Bacteria are living cells They cause disease by: Releasing toxins that are poisonous to people Break down tissues of infected organism for food Infectious forms of bacteria Cholera, Bubonic Plague, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, anthrax, streptococcus, staphylococcus Treatment: ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotic Resistance Currently, many bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics This is because of antibiotics being over prescribed (often for viral infections, which they have no effect on) MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus Bacterial strain resistant to antibiotics 5. Virus Viruses are non-living, non-cellular structures thousands of times smaller than a cell Structure: DNA surrounded by a protein coat Virus cannot reproduce itself Virus relies on a HOST cell to replicate A virus usually tricks the host to pull it into cell Virus genetic material takes over the host cell causing the cell to make new viruses Common types of human viruses: Influenza, chicken pox, polio, HIV, common cold, and Herpes (cold sores) Uncommon types of human viruses: Ebola, West Nile Virus, Dengue Fever, Smallpox HIV Virus Prevention Vaccines PREVENT viral infection Person is injected with a weakened virus. The immune system can later recognize the normal virus and fight it off Ex: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), smallpox, polio, flu strains (swine flu) Treatment Viral infections are fought by the immune system or with anti-viral drugs. Some viruses are too strong and too fast for the immune system to fight. These viruses lead to: Epidemics (over large areas) Pandemics (over whole countries) To treat mass outbreaks: contain the area and quarantine the infected. Common Viruses Influenza (Flu Virus) Kills 30,000 Americans every year Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Deadly Viruses Ebola virus Africa ~90% mortality rate SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) China 2002-3 5328 cases, 349 deaths The Immune System Part 2: Immune Defenses Human Body Systems Chapter 13/ 40-2 I. Immune System Overview Immune System: body’s defense system against disease 2 Defense Systems for foreign materials Nonspecific Defense System Specific Defense System Includes White Blood Cells (WBCs) to fight infection through inactivating foreign materials or cells Soldiers of your defense system A. Pathogens & Antigens Pathogens (things that infect you) contain antigens Antigens are like chemical markers (name tag) that tell what the pathogen is HI, MY NAME IS Swine Flu Virus Antigen Haha! I am the pathogen. I have invaded you! B. WBCs & Antibodies WBCs can recognize the antigens because they have antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to the antigen because they fit together Antibodies mark the pathogen for destruction Nooo! Antibody C. Types of WBCs Phagocytes - “eat” & destroy pathogens Macrophages, Neutrophils, Monocytes Eosinophils – deal with parasitic infections Basophils – involved in allergic reactions Lymphocytes – deal with specific invaders B-lymphocytes- make antibodies T-lymphocytes- cells- recognize & kill pathogen Nooo! II. Immune Divisions A. Nonspecific Defenses B. Specific Defenses C. Acquired Immunity A. Nonspecific Defenses Body protects itself the SAME way regardless of what is invading it Protects against variety of invaders Fast-acting Response Lines of Defense 1. Skin, Sweat, Mucus & Tears 2. Immune Response Fever, Macrophages, Inflammation 1. First Line of Defense Skin, sweat, mucus, and tears Skin is a physical barrier to keep pathogens out of the body Cuts or breaks in the skin allow pathogens to enter Sweat, mucus, & tears contain lysosomes and other chemicals that kill bacteria. 2. Second Line of Defense Immune response – pathogens are recognized by antigens Fever – body raises temperature to slow down growth & replication of pathogen Macrophages – WBCs designed to eat pathogens Inflammation – infected area swells with lymph and blood bringing WBCs and macrophages to fight pathogen B. Specific Defenses Immune system attacks specific pathogen Pathogen can be recognized by its specific antigen Lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells) B-cells- make antibodies & have memory T-cells- recognize & kill pathogen 2 Types of Specific Defense 1. Antibody Mediated Immunity Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction Involves B cells 2. Cell Mediated Immunity Attacks infected self cells Involves T cells 1. Antibody Mediated Immunity aka: Humoral Immunity Antibodies produced by B cells mark pathogen for destruction by macrophages Primary Response: First time you encounter pathogen 3-6 days to launch immune attack Helper T cells signal B cells to divide and differentiate to produce: Plasma Cells – make antibodies B memory Cells – remember antigen in case of second infection Antibodies attach to antigens that are outside a cell Macrophages engulf anything labeled with an antibody Antibodies won’t allow viruses to infect cells Nooo! Plasma cell Antibody 2. Secondary Response You encounter the same antigen again 2-3 days to respond B-memory cells respond faster to make antibodies I remember… Do not get sick Memory cells = B-memory IMMUNITY B. Cell Mediated Immunity Immune system attacks infected cells T cells carry out cell mediated immunity When viruses or pathogens get inside cells, or when a cell turns cancerous, antibodies alone cannot destroy them Infected self cell displays antigens from the pathogen on cell membrane T-cells divide and differentiate to recognize and kill infected cell 1. Helper T-cells recognize antigen and recruit other cells to fight invader (general in command) tell B-cells to make antibodies Attract Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells 2. Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells kill infected self-cell by injecting toxic chemicals (perforin) (trained assassins) Hello, I am a deadly Killer T-cell 3. Suppressor T cells Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T & B-cells from overreacting or harming the body 4. Memory T cells Will cause secondary response if same antigen invades again Immune Cartoon I am a deadly Killer T-cell. Die infected cell! Haha! I am the pathogen. I have invaded you! Infected Self Cell Killer T-cell I have invaded your cell! Antigen Cell-mediated Immune Response Suppressor T-cell I am the all-knowing Helper-T cell. I recognize the antigen. Helper T-cell Nooo! Antibodies I have invaded your tissues! Antibody-mediated Immune Response Macrophage Plasma cell I remember… B-cell I will eat invaders!!! B-memory The Immune Response Team Haha! I am the pathogen. I have invaded you! Hello, I am a deadly Killer T-cell. Die infected cell! Infected cell Antigen I am the all-knowing Helper-T cell. I recognize the antigens. Hey, Killer T, destroy this infected cell And B-cell, make some antibodies. Antibodies Nooo! I remember… Helper T-cell B-cell B-memory Antibody C. Acquired Immunity Immunity is acquired after exposure to antigen and a memory B or T cell is made 2 Kinds 1. Active Immunity: you make antibodies in response to antigen Vaccine Natural exposure to pathogen 2. Passive Immunity: you obtain antibodies from another source Mother’s milk gives baby antibodies II. Immunodeficiency Production or function of immune cells is abnormal May be congenital or acquired Includes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) 1. AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus (RNA for genetic material) HIV targets Helper T cells T cell makes new HIV viruses Causes slow death of T cells while making more of the virus When there are not enough T cells, the body is left defenseless against invading pathogens AIDS progression: Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, fatigue, body aches. Virus is multiplying, antibodies are made but ineffective for complete virus removal Phase II: within six months to 10 years; opportunistic infections present, Helper T cells affected, 5% may not progress to next phase Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter of blood AND the person has an opportunistic infection or type of cancer. Person is now termed as having “AIDS” AIDS is when people get sick and ultimately die from diseases they would normally fight off, but cannot due to a weak immune system. These diseases are called Opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis, encephalitis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma AIDS Pandemic More than 36 million infected with HIV worldwide Most infections in sub-Sahara of Africa Increasing spread in Asia and India Most often spread by heterosexual contact outside U.S.