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Immune System
Chapter 43
Introduction to the Immune System
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An animal must defend itself against
unwelcome intruders.
It must also deal with abnormal body cells,
which, in some cases, may develop into
cancer.
Two major kinds of defense have evolved to
counter such threats.
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Innate Defenses
Acquired Defenses
Overview of the Immune System
External Barriers:
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Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions
Internal Cellular Defenses:
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Phagocytic cells
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Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
Internal Cellular Defenses
Phagocytic Responses
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Pseudopodia
Ingestion
Vacuole
Fuse with lysosome
Digestion
Exocytosis
Internal Cellular Defenses:
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Natural Killer Cells
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Non-specific
Perforins
Apoptosis
Internal Chemical Defenses:
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Interferons
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Complement proteins
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
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Cardinal signs of
inflammation
Local versus
systemic
inflammation
Septic shock
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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All cells have cell
surface
macromolecules
Adaptive immunity is
sensitive to specific
infections
Antigens distinguish
self versus non-self
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Humoral Immunity
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Also known as
antibody-mediated
immunity
Utilizes B-lymphocytes
Recognizes antigen
directly
Made in the bone
marrow
Clonal Selection and Proliferation
Humoral Immunity
Antibody Structure
Antibody Classes
Antibody Classes
Antibody Functions
Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Utilizes T-lymphocytes
T-cells are made in
the bone marrow but
mature in the thymus
gland.
Cannot recognize
antigens directly
Cell-Mediated Immunity
CLASS I MHC PROTEIN
CLASS II MHC PROTEIN
Helper T-Lymphocyte Stimulation
Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Stimulation
Overview of Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Problems with the Immune System
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Blood Transfusion Reaction
Tissue Rejection
Allergies
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiencies
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Rhesus Factor
Blood Type Presence of Type of
Receive?
D Antigen? Antibody?
Rh Positive
Yes
None
+ and -
No
Anti-D
- only
Rh Negative
Tissue Transplant and Rejection
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Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft
Allergies or Hypersensitivities
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Type I
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Type II
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Type III
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Type IV
Autoimmune Diseases
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Multiple sclerosis
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Systemic lupus
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Grave's disease
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Type I diabetes
mellitus
Immunodeficiency Diseases
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Primary
Immunodeficiency
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a.k.a. “inborn”
SCID
Secondary
Immunodeficiency
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a.k.a. “acquired”
Drugs
Stress and Hodgkin’s
AIDS