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Cellular Energy
Biology
Vocabulary
34) ATP
35) Phosphorylation
36) Photosynthesis
37) Pigments
ATP
ENERGY
• All cells need __________for
life.
• Some things we use energy for are:
•Moving
•Thinking
•Sleeping
•Breathing
•Growing
•Reproducing
The principal chemical compound used by
living things to store energy is:
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Labeled Sketch:
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
Energy Storage/ Energy Release
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Energy
Partially
charged
battery
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
charged
battery
Energy can be stored by adding a phosphate group
to ADP, creating ATP, called phosphorylation.
Breaking the phosphate chemical bond in ATP
releases energy, changing the ATP back into ADP.
ATP:
• ATP is used for active transport,
movement of cell organelles and other
basic functions (mitosis, etc)
•Glucose: sugar
molecule that stores 90
times more energy than
ATP. Glucose is used to
regenerate ATP.
Why do we use ATP? Why not just get
energy from sugar directly?
• ATP is small units of energy. Sugar is a very
high energy molecule (if you burn it all at
once…spontaneous combustion!)
Comparison of burning a marshmallow at a
campfire vs in your body.
When sugar
Both have in common
burned in fire: (Similarities)
When sugar
burned in
body
Energy is
-Glucose and oxygen are Energy is
released
reactants.
stored in
quickly as
-Carbon dioxide and water small ATP
heat and light are products.
molecules
for
slow
use
-Both release energy.
Analogy:
• Power lines= sugar = tons of energy
• Wall socket = ATP = smaller units of energy
Photosynthesis
• Process by which plants use water, carbon
dioxide, and energy from sunlight to produce
sugar (and oxygen).
Basic Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O 
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis Experiments
• 1600’s – Van Helmont
Determined that mass gained during plant growth does
NOT come from the soil. He concluded it must come from
the water he added.
• 1700’s – Preistly
Determined that plants release oxygen
• 1700’s – Ingenhousz
Building on Preistly’s work, he determined that oxygen
was only produced in the presence of light.
Photosynthesis Equation in Detail
Chemical Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ATP + NADPH
Glucose continues to
be processed into ATP.
Oxygen released for
use in aerobic
reactions
ATP utilized as energy
for reactions
NADPH used in later
photosynthesis reactions
How do plants USE these raw
materials?
Light and Pigments
-Why are most plants green?
-Are there plants / photosynthetic
organisms that are other colors?
-Why?
The answer lies in:
1) Light Spectra
2) Pigments
Light and Pigments
What is the light spectra?
Visible light is just a small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum
Light and Pigments
The longest wavelengths have the lowest energies. (radio)
As wavelengths decrease, the energy increases. (gamma)
Light and Pigments
Different colors correspond to
different wavelengths
The colors of the rainbow are
ROY G BIV:
red orange yellow green
blue indigo violet.
red has the longest wavelength, and the lowest energy
violet has the shortest wavelength, and the highest energy
Seeing color
The color an object appears depends on the
colors of light it reflects.
For example, a red book only reflects red light:
White
light
Homework
Only red light
is reflected
A pair of purple pants would reflect purple light
(and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue):
Purple light
A white hat would reflect all seven colors:
Homework
White
light
Using colored light
If we look at a colored object in colored
light we see something different.
Shirt looks red
White
light
Homework
Shorts look blue
In different colors of light these clothes would look
different:
Red
Shirt looks red
light
Shorts look black
Shirt looks black
Blue
light
Homework
Shorts look blue
Light and Pigments
Plants gather light spectra
with light absorbing
molecules called PIGMENTS
The major pigment used by
plants is chlorophyll
There are two main chlorophyll types a and b
Light and Pigments
Chlorophyll a and b absorb
light very well in the
violet/blue and orange/red
parts of the spectrum.
But very poorly in the green
part of the spectrum.
This makes most plants
green (remember, to see a
color it needs to be reflected)
Light and Pigments
Other pigments are also present in
plants that use other wavelengths
These include:
-Beta-carotene
-Xanthophyll
(orange)
(Lutein)
(yellow)
Light and Pigments
Autumn Leaves
There is so much chlorophyll, it masks other pigment
colors.
Light regulates chlorophyll production, so shorter days
means less chlorophyll is produced, and the green color
fades.
Anthocynanins, producing red
color, are produced during the
breakdown of chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis And
the Calvin Cycle
Biology
Vocabulary
38) Granum
39) Photophosphorylation
40) Stroma
41) Thylakoid
Overview of Reactions
1) The Light Reaction
Reactants
H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Products
ATP
NADPH
O2
2) The Calvin Cycle
(AKA The Dark Reaction)
CO2
Sugar
Reactants
ATP
Products
NADP+
NADPH
ADP + P
Location of Reactions
Thylakoid: Sac-like photosynthetic membranes, location of the light reaction
Granum: A collection or stack of thylakoids
Stroma: Gel-like space outside the thylakoid, location of the Calvin Cycle
Location of Reactions
Chloroplast
Water
CO2
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Thylakoid
Sugars
Stroma
Photophosphorylation
Definition: Using light energy to
phosphorylate ADP to make ATP
A way to hold energy.
What is NADPH / NADP+ ?
NADPH is a coenzyme that is an
electron carrier.
It exists in two forms:
NADPH has the
electron
NADP+ lacks the
electron
Two Sets of Reactions
Light dependent reactions: use light to
store energy in carrier molecules
(ATP, NADPH)
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
1) What is water needed for?
Water
Chloroplast
CO2
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
Animation
ATP
NADPH
O2
Used in the
light reaction
Chloroplast
when
sunlight
is present
Sugars
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
2) What product is released at the end of the
light reaction?
Water
CO2
Oxygen
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugars
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
3) What two high energy molecules are
produced by the light reaction
Water
CO2
ATP
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
&
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugars
NADPH
Two Sets of Reactions
Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle):
Uses energy from light dependent
reactions to produce sugars
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
4) What is carbon dioxide needed for?
Water
CO2
Provides
Carbon to
make sugar
in the
Calvin
Cycle
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugars
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
5) What product is made at the end of the Calvin
Cycle?
Water
CO2
Sugar
(Glucose)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugars
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
6) What two low energy molecules are produced
at the end of the Calvin Cycle?
Water
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
ADP
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
NADP+
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
+P
Sugars
Location of Reactions
7) The light reaction takes place
in the
thylakoid membranes.
8) The Calvin Cycle takes place
in the stroma.
9) The light reaction requires
energy from the sun
10) Which part of photosynthesis uses
ATP to make energy?
The Calvin
Cycle
Water
Chloroplast
CO2
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugars
Chloroplast
What
kind of
energy storage
molecule is
made using the
energy from
ATP?
Sugar
Calvin Cycle Overview
Animation 1
Animation 2
Cellular Respiration
Biology
Chapter 9
Chemical Pathways
Vocabulary
42) Aerobic
43) Anaerobic
44) calorie
45) Cellular respiration
46) Fermentation
47) Glycolysis
Basic Need for Energy
Energy in Food:
What is the difference between a:
calorie(lower case c) and Calorie (upper case C)?
-A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.
-A Calorie is a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories
For example, 1 gram of glucose releases 3811
calories, on a food label 3.8 Calories
Basic Need for Energy
Energy in Food:
Organisms cannot use glucose directly, it must be
broken down into smaller units.
This process in living things begins with glycolysis.
If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the
Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain – This is
called Cellular Respiration
An Overview:
Cellular Respiration
• The equation for cellular respiration is exactly
the opposite of photosynthesis.
• Equation:
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O and energy
Breaking Down Energy Slowly:
• Glucose needs to be broken down in small
steps so that energy is not wasted.
First Step: Glycolysis
• Definition: The process of breaking the
glucose in half to forming 2 molecules of
pyruvate, a 3 carbon chain.
• Uses 2 ATP to start reaction
• Produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Glycolysis
• Does not require oxygen
• Very Fast – thousands of ATP produced in
milliseconds
• Stops when it runs out of NAD+ (electron
carrier)
• If oxygen is available: Cellular respiration
starts
• If oxygen is NOT available, to make more
NAD+, your body goes through
fermentation.
• This way ATP can be made even without
Oxygen.
Why use ATP in Glycolysis if you want ATP?
• You have to use a little energy to make even
more energy.
• Like a bank, you put money in to earn interest.
Animation
Fermentation
• Fermentation is releasing energy in the absence
of oxygen. It is an ANAEROBIC process.
• Ultimately it allows NADH to be converted to
NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
• There are two main types of fermentation
– Alcoholic Fermentation
– Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation is found in Yeasts, and a
few other microorganisms.
• The equation is:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Note: Carbon Dioxide is also produced, so when
yeast conducts fermentation, there is the release
of carbon dioxide as well as alcohol.
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation diagram
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Pyruvic acid from glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.
• This conversion regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
• The equation is:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation is used by muscles when they run out of
oxygen, ultimately causing soreness.
Lactic acid is also created by unicellular organisms in the production
of cheese, pickles, kimchi and other foods.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Lactic Acid fermentation diagram
Krebs Cycle
• In the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down
into carbon dioxide.
Krebs Cycle
• Where does it occur: Mitochondria
• It requires oxygen – it is AEROBIC
• It is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle
So far, from 1 glucose
Glycolysis produced:
2 NADH and 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle produced:
8 NADH and 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP
Animation
Krebs Cycle
What happens to the Krebs cycle products?
Carbon Dioxide is released to the atmosphere
ATP is used for cellular activities
NADH and FADH2 are used in the electron transport chain to
produce large amounts of ATP
Electron Transport Chain
• Uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs
cycle to convert ADP into ATP
Electron Transport Chain
• Where does it occur: Inner membrane of the
Mitochondria
• It requires oxygen – it is AEROBIC
Electron transport chain
Cellular Respiration totals
So far, from 1 glucose
Glycolysis:
2 ATP +
Krebs Cycle:
2 ATP +
Electron Transport:
Totals:
32 ATP
36 ATP from 1 glucose
This is 38% efficiency
The rest of the energy is released as heat
Energy use by humans
Cells contains small amounts of ready ATP
-About 5 seconds worth
After that, your body uses lactic acid formation
-This lasts for about 90 seconds
-You breathe hard to get rid of the lactic acid buildup
For exercise longer than 90 seconds, cellular respiration is used
-This is a slow method to generate ATP
-Glycogen (a form of carbohydrate) is used for the first 15-20 minutes of
cellular respiration
-After that other molecules, such as fats, are broken down