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Ahfad University for Women
School of Medicine
Basic and Applied Immunology
Course
Dr Rayan Gamal Goda
2nd Year Registrar
Soba University Hospital
Clinical Immunology and Allergy MD Programme
Sudan Medical Specialization Board
Member of Sudanese society for clinical immunology
and allergy
Member of sudanese Association of Rheumatology
Course Objectives
• Offer a quick revision of basic immunology,
and covers important topics in clinical
immunology.
• Emphasize the role of immunology in current
medical practice
• Walk you through important, difficult topics.
• More importantly to help you understand
immunology and simplify this very interesting
subject.
This course will be...
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Key point guided, interactive tutorials
All is encouraged to participate
If no one participates; ..... ?? Hello!!!
Write down a list of all topics you want to be
covered.
• SLE, RA, Primary immunodeficiency...etc
• Basically: a tailored course to your needs.
• This course is for you; please...
– Ask and don’t be afraid to know
– Participate actively.
– Help me help you.
Basic Immunology
What do we know? Where do we
stand? ...etc.
What is ...
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Immunology
Immune Response
Components of the immune system
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Tolerance and autoimmunity
Tumour Immunology
Transplantation
Clinical immunology
Immune Response
• The reaction that occurs in response to the
introduction of foreign substances.
• Most of medicine and medical practice
revolves around this point.
• Foreign substances; microbes, cancer cells,
chemical substances, ...etc.
The Immune Response
• Innate/ natural or native immunity
• Components:
– Skin
– Mucosal Epithelia
– Chemical Barriers: e.g. Defensins.
– Others: plasma proteins; complement, cytokines,
acute phase reactants.
– Cells: DCs, phagocytes, NK cells, T& B cells, Mast
cells.
• Adaptive immunity
– Cell mediated immunity
– Humoral immunity
• Components:
– Lymphocytes
– Antibodies
Immune Response
Organs of the Immune System
• What are the organs of the immune system?
– Bone Marrow
– Liver
– Spleen
– Thymus
– Lymph nodes
– Lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic system
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
• Receptors: e.g. Pathogen Associated
Molecular Patterns, Death Associated
Molecular Patterns, ... NOD Like receptors, RIG
like receptors, ...etc
• Cellular components: Epithelial barriers,
Phagocytes, Dendritic Cells, Natural killer cells
(NK Cells), B and T lymphocytes with limited
specificity, and Mast Cells.
Pathogen Associated Molecular
Patterns (PAMPs)
• Soluble components: Natural antibodies,
acute phase reactants, complement.
• Natural Antibodies: e.g. IgM.
• Acute Phase Reactants: e.g. IL-8.
• Defensins and Cathelicidins.
• Soluble Receptors: complement, Pentraxins, ,
Collectins, and Ficolins.
Death Associated Molecular Patterns
(DAMPs)
• They play a role in the natural homeostasis of
the immune system.
• They recognize endogenous molecules that
are produced from damaged or dying cells.
• Can be: stress induced proteins Heat Shock
Proteins (HSPs)
• Crystals: Monosodium urate
• Nuclear Proteins: HMGB1.
Mechanisms
• Physical barriers
• Chemical barriers
• Cellular mechanisms:
– PHAGOCYTOSIS ( MACROPHAGES, DCs, B
CELLS,...ETC)
– NK CELLS: including Natural Killer T cells.
– T & B CELLS including ᵞᵟ T cells
– MAST CELLS < < WHY? - Eosinophils, and
basophils.
CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Phagocytes:
– Dendritic cells
– Monocytes /Macrophages
– Neutrophils
– Mast cells
– Eosinophils
– Basophils
Dendritic cells
• These are the guru cells, everything in
immunology begins with the dendritic cells.
Also known as the best Antigen Presenting
Cells.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Cytokines of Innate Immunity
Complement
• It is a group of plasma proteins, work to opsonize
microbes, promote the recuitment of phagocytes
to the site of infection, and sometimes directly
kill the microbe.
• It is composed of 3 different pathways:
– Classical , alternative and Mannose- binding Lectin
pathways.
– All these pathways meet at C3, to form c5,c6,c7,c8,c9
... Membrane Attack Complex (MAC).
• It can also help to activate B cells, in adaptive
immunity.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Inflammation
Case study
• In reflection to what we discussed: how did
these problem occur?
• How was the immune system involved?
• Questions..??
THANK YOU!!
• If you have a questions, problems, feel free to
contact me at any time:
• Email: [email protected]
• Maybe a group google hangout?!!