Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lake Victoria CC Readness brief No. 3 English
Document related concepts
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Michael E. Mann wikipedia , lookup
Economics of climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit email controversy wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Heaven and Earth (book) wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Saskatchewan wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 July 2014 Progress and level of implementation of the East African Community Climate Change Policy commitments in the Lake Victoria Basin with respect to Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Security Prepared by East African Sustainability Watch Network With support from Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 TableofContents Acknowledgements 1 Abbreviations 3 ExecutiveSummary 5 1.0 Background 7 2.0 ObjectivesoftheLakeVictoriaClimateChangeBriefNo.3 11 3.0 UnderstandingtheEastAfricanCommunityClimaticConditions 12 3.1 Kenya 13 3.2 Tanzania 14 3.3 Uganda 15 4.0 MethodologyinpreparationoftheBrief 16 5.0 AssessmentFindings 17 5.1 EffectsofClimateChangeonagriculture 17 5.2 EffectsofClimateChangeonFoodSecurityandNutrition 18 5.3 EffectsofClimateChangeonFisheries 20 5.4 EffectsofclimatechangeonLivestock 21 6.0 ProvisionsoftheEACCCPonAgriculture,FoodSecurity andNutrition 22 6.1 EACCCPProvisionsrelatedtoAgriculture 22 6.2 EACCCPProvisionsrelatedtoLandUseandSoilProtection 24 7.0 LevelofdomesticationoftheEACCCPbyEACPartnerStates 26 7.1 Kenya 26 7.2 Tanzania 33 40 7.3 Uganda 8.0 SuccessesandChallengesinimplementingtheEACCCP 47 8.1 Success(Positivesteps) 47 48 8.2 Challenges 9.0 RecommendationsandAvailableoptions 51 9.1 PartnerStates(Nationallevel) 51 9.2 CivilSocietyOrganizationsandCommunities 53 9.3 PrivatesectorandDevelopmentPartners 54 9.4 Regionallevel(RelevantEACInstitutionslikethe EACsecretariat,LVBCandLVFO) 55 10.0 References 56 11.0 ListofRespondents 61 2 Cover picture: Kokise Vegetable and Tree nursery farm in Kenya. Photo: UCSD Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Acknowledgements ThisLakeVictoriaClimateChangeReadinessBriefNo.3(partoftheseriessince 2012) was produced by the East African Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) NetworkforthepurposeofhighlightingprogressinimplementationoftheEast African Community Climate Change Policy (EACCCP) commitments related to mitigatingtheeffectsofGreenHouseGasemissionsandforadaptationtoclimate changeintheLakeVictoriaBasinwithrespecttoagriculture,nutritionandfood security. The objective of this Brief is therefore to contribute to influence prioritization, betterinvestmentsandpolicyactionsbytherelevantactorsattheInternational, regional and national levels. Furthermore, as 2014 has been declared by the African Union as the African Year of Agriculture and Food Security and is being observedinparallelwiththeUnitedNations’InternationalYearofFamilyFarming, EASusWatchNetworkhopesthatthisassessmentcancontributetoproposalson howtodealwiththeimpactofclimatechangeonagricultureandfoodsecurityin EastAfrica. TheBriefisaresultoftheworkofdifferentindividualsandinstitutions.Specifically, we would like to thank Welread Initiative Development and Management ConsultantsforcarryingoutthisAssessment.Wealsosincerelythankthevarious KeyinformantsandstakeholderswhoparticipatedduringtheAssessment;Brian Otiende of East African Community secretariat Climate Change Unit, Godfrey Monor of EAC-Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization, Omari Myanza LVEMP II Tanzania, LVEMP II Regional Office, Mr. Kundu LVEMP II Kenya, National coordinators LVEMP II team in Kenya and Tanzania, PELUM –Uganda, FOWODE, CS BAG, VEDCO, OSIENALA, KEMFRI, Vi Agroforestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock, LVBC, ACCORD – Tanzania, TAQWA, Focus Tanzania and PlanInternationalamongothers. Equally we are very grateful to the Government Ministries and Departments, variouscommunitymembersfromUganda–Jinja,Tanzania–MwanzaandKenya -Nyando,forhavingsharedtheirexperienceswithus. 1 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 The list of individuals and organizations we interacted with is so long that we cannotcitethemall.However,wehopethattherecognitionandsincerethanks weextendhereingenerallyincludeseveryonewhoparticipatedinthisexercise. WewouldalsoliketothankalltheEastAfricanSusWatchNetworkStaffatUganda CoalitionforSustainableDevelopment:SustainableEnvironmentalDevelopment Watch Network: and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development: for their contributiontotheprocessofdevelopingthisBrief.Wearealsoindebtedtothe teamthatreviewedtheAssessmentreportfromwhichthisBriefwasdeveloped. Lastbutnotleast,specialthanksgototheGovernmentofSwedenforsupporting theproductionofthisdocumentaspartofthesupporttoEASusWatchNetwork’s LVEMPIICivilSocietyWatchProject(November2011–October2014) Regards KimbowaRichard RegionalCoordinator-LVEMPIICivilSocietyWatchProject C/oUgandaCoalitionforSustainableDevelopment Disclaimer This Lake Victoria Basin Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 is published by the East African SusWatch Network, supported by the Government of Sweden. The views and recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funders or institutions involved in LVEMP II CS Watch Project. 2 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Abbreviations ADB AfricanDevelopmentBank AMPRIP AgriculturalMarketingandPromotionRegionalIntegration Project ASDS AgriculturalSectorDevelopmentStrategy ASARECA AssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEastern andCentralAfrica ATAS AgriculturalTechnologiesandAdvisoryServices CAADP ComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme CAN ClimateAdaptationNetwork CBOs CommunityBasedOrganizations COMESA CommonMarketforEastandSouthernAfrica CSOs CivilSocietyOrganizations CC ClimateChange CCU ClimateChangeUnit CC&V ClimateChange&Vulnerability DSIP DevelopmentStrategyandInvestmentProgramme EA EastAfrica EAC EastAfricanCommunity EACCCP EastAfricanCommunityClimateChangePolicy GDP GrossDomesticProduct IFPR InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange IUU Illegal,UnreportedandUnregulated KCCWG KenyaClimateChangeWorkingGroup LV LakeVictoria LVB LakeVictoriaBasin LVBC LakeVictoriaBasinCommission LVFO LakeVictoriaFisheriesOrganization LVEMPII LakeVictoriaEnvironmentalManagementProjectphaseII 3 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 MDGs MillenniumDevelopmentGoals MEA MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements NAADS NationalAgricultureAdvisoryService NAPA NationalAdaptationProgrammeAction NaFIRRI NationalFisheriesResourcesResearchInstitute NARO NationalAgricultureResearchOrganization NCCAP NationalClimateChangeActionPlan(Kenya) NCF NationalClimateChangeFund NCCRS NationalClimateChangeResponseStrategy NDP NationalDevelopmentPlan NEMA NationalEnvironmentalManagementAuthority NEMC NationalEnvironmentManagementCouncil(Tanzania) NGOs Non-GovernmentalOrganizations PEAP PovertyEradicationActionplan RUDMEC RuralDevelopmentMediaandCommunications SAGCOT SouthernAgriculturalGrowthCorridorofTanzania TCCS TanzaniaClimateChangeStrategy TCSD TanzaniaCoalitionforSustainableDevelopment UCSD UgandaCoalitionforSustainableDevelopment UNECA UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange USAID UnitedStateAgencyforDevelopment WEF WorldFoodEconomicForum WEMA WaterEfficientMaizeforAfrica WB WorldBank 4 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 ExecutiveSummary TheEASusWatchNetworkisanetworkofNGOsfromKenya,UgandaandTanzania spearheadedbyUgandaCoalitionforSustainableDevelopment(UCSD),Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania CoalitionforSustainableDevelopment(TCSD).EASusWatchRegionalSecretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala, Uganda. One of the mandates of EA SusWatch is “monitoring and advocating for the effective implementation of national and regional obligations to International agreements and other arrangements for sustainabledevelopmentinEasternAfrica”. EASusWatchiscurrentlyimplementingtheLVEMPIICivilSocietyWatchProjectthat seekstolobbyandadvocateforrealizationofresults-basedperformancefromthe LakeVictoriaEnvironmentalManagementProject(LVEMPII)andimplementation oftheEastAfricanClimateChangePolicy(EACCCP).InrelationtotheEACCCP,EA SusWatchisassessedtheprogressandlevelofimplementationoftheEastAfrican Community Climate Change Policy (EACCCP) commitments related to mitigating theeffectsofGHGsandforadaptationtoclimatechangeintwokeysectors.In 2012theassessmentwasdoneinrelationtoruralenergysupplywhilein2013it wasinrelationtowatersupplyandsanitation. Thisreportcontainsthefindingsoftheassessmentcarriedoutin2014inrelation to agriculture, nutrition, fisheries and food security in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The exercise was twofold, first the assessment of East African Partner States’ progress in implementing the East African Community Climate Change PolicycommitmentrelatedtomitigatingtheeffectsofGHGsandforadaptation toclimatechangeinrelationtoagriculture,nutritionandfoodsecuritysoasto influence prioritization, better investments and policy actions by the relevant actorsattheInternational,regionalandnationallevels. TheassessmentestablishedthatKenyaiscommittedtowardsimplementationof theprovisionsintheEACCCPthataddressissuesoflivelihoodandfoodsecurity, fisheries and nutrition by investing in the policy framework that enhances productivity while taking into account the negative effects of climate change as wellasplanningforadaptationandmitigationmechanisms. 5 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 For Uganda, the assessment revealed that, the Ugandan, government has put in place an institutional, legal and policy framework to manage the use and governance of the natural resources base. The requirements under the various laws and regulations have created a demand for environmental services such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Audits (EA). These processes provide opportunity for mainstreaming environment and improving resource use with an aim of improving food security and nutrition. Given weak institutionalcapacityandprevalenceofcorruption,thereisanapparentriskthat benefitsgainedintheareaoffoodsecurityandfisheriesmightbeaffected. In Tanzania, the assessment revealed that, a number of policies, legislations, programmes,strategiesandplansprovidingforthecontexttoimplementnational obligationsinrelationEACCCPareinplace. Variousactionplans,programmesandstrategiestoaddressclimatechangeissues havebeenpreparedandbeingimplemented.Howevertheirimplementationisyet torealizemajorimpactonFoodsecurity,nutritionandfisheries. Inconclusion,whilememberstateshaveshowngoodwilltowardsimplementationof regionalcommitments,numerouschallengescontinuetoaffectthedomestication process.Ingeneral,effectiveparticipationofmemberStatesinregionalintegration activities and programmes largely depends on the political commitment in embracingtheagreeddecisionsandprotocolsonregionalintegration The recommendations and available options given, highlights on how poor communitiesintheLVBinUgandaTanzaniaandKenyacanbesupportedtocope withtheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeonagriculture,nutrition,fisheriesand foodsecurityatthelocal,nationalandregionallevel,withafocusonshort-term, medium-termandlong-terminterventions. 6 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 1.0 Background The EA SusWatch Network is a network of NGOs from Kenya, Uganda and TanzaniaspearheadedbyUgandaCoalitionforSustainableDevelopment(UCSD), SustainableEnvironmentalDevelopmentWatchNetwork(SusWatchKenya),and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD). EA SusWatch Regional SecretariatishostedbyUCSDinKampala,Uganda. TheVisionofEASusWatchis:Aworldwheresustainabledevelopmentprinciples drivesocialandeconomicdevelopmentprocesses. The Mission of EA SusWatch is to catalyze and mobilize civil society in Eastern Africa to exert accountability from governments and international development institutionstoachieveasociallyandenvironmentallysustainableworld. The mandate of EA SusWatch is “monitoring and advocating for the effective implementationofnationalandregionalobligationstoInternationalagreements andotherarrangementsforsustainabledevelopmentinEasternAfrica”. EASusWatchiscurrentlyimplementingtheLVEMPIICivilSocietyWatchProjectthat seekstolobbyandadvocateforrealizationofresults-basedperformancefromthe LakeVictoriaEnvironmentalManagementProject(LVEMPII)andimplementation oftheEastAfricanClimateChangePolicy(EACCCP). In relation to the EACCCP, EA SusWatch is assessing the progress and level of implementationoftheEastAfricanCommunityClimateChangePolicy(EACCCP) commitments related to mitigating the effects of GHGs and for adaptation to climatechangeinthreekeysectors.In2012theassessmentwasdoneinrelationto ruralenergysupplywhilein2013itwasinrelationtowatersupplyandsanitation. In2014,theassessmentcarriedoutisinrelationtoagriculture,nutritionandfood security. The EACCCP identifies climate change adaptation as a primary priority of the region while mitigation is secondary. It further emphasizes on the importance of mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation into national and regionaldevelopmentplanstakingasectoralapproachwithanemphasisonkey socio-economicsectorsandsub-sectorsadverselyimpactedbyclimatechangeand with potential opportunities to contribute to mitigation efforts and sustainable developmentofthePartnerStatesandtheregion. 7 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 ThelivelihoodsofcountlessAfricanhouseholdswillbeimperiledwithoutefforts to improve resilience to environmental hazards, including those attributable to climate change. Sustaining progress on the MDGs will require strengthening capacitiestoanticipateandrespondtoclimate-relateddisastersandcapitalizingon greengrowthopportunities(UNECA,2013).Withoutadoubt,Africa’s(especially theSahelandtheHornofAfrica)dependenceonclimate-sensitivesectorsmakes itmorevulnerablethanotherregionstoclimatehazards.Climate-relatedshocks manifested by extreme weather conditions have destroyed livelihoods and exacerbatedAfrica’sfoodinsecurity,resultinginahighincidenceofunderweight children,widespreadhungerandpoordietaryconsumptionpatterns. These severe climate events demonstrate the level and depth of the impact thatclimatechangehasonAfricaneconomies,despitethefactthatAfricaisthe continentmostaffectedby—andperhapsbecauseitisalsothesmallestcontributor to the man-made causes of—climate change. Fortunately, 2014 that has been declaredbytheAfricanUnionastheAfricanYearofAgricultureandFoodSecurity isbeingobservedinparallelwiththeUnitedNations’InternationalYearofFamily Farming.Thisassessmentisexpectedtocontributetoproposalsonhowtodeal withtheimpactofclimatechangetoagricultureandfoodsecurityinEastAfrica. Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change in a number of dimensions. Higher temperatureseventuallyreduceyieldsofdesirablecropsandtendtoencourage weedandpestproliferation.Greatervariationsinprecipitationpatternsincrease thelikelihoodofshort-runcropfailuresandlong-runproductiondeclines.Although theremightbegainsinsomecropsinsomeregionsoftheworld,theoveralleffects ofclimatechangeonagricultureareexpectedtobenegative,threateningglobal foodsecurity(IFPRI,2013). East Africa largely depends on rain fed agriculture making rural livelihoods and foodsecuritytobehighlyvulnerabletoconsequencesofclimatevariabilityand change.Itisalsonotedthatagricultureprovidesalivingfor80%ofEastAfricans. AgricultureandlivestockproductioninEastAfricaishamperedbyitsrelianceon unreliable rainfall and absence of water storage facilities compounded by, poor landusepracticesandantiquatedtechnologyandfarmingmethods.Inaddition, constraintstofoodsecurityaresummarizedinBox1below. 8 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Watering cattle in Mwanza region, Tanzania. Photo: UCSD Box1: ConstraintsinAchievingFoodSecurityintheEAC Although,foodsecurityplaysanimportantroleinachievingregionaldevelopment objectives,itisconstrainedby: • Lowandunstableproductionandproductivityoccasionedbyover- relianceonrain-fedagriculturalproductionsystems. • LowsurfacewaterstoragepercapitaintheEACregion. • Inefficientutilizationofwaterresourcesforagriculturalproduction. • Lowcapacityonrainwaterharvesting • Poorornoaccesstoaffordableagriculturalcreditbyresourcepoor producers. • Lowproducerpricesmakingagriculturelessremunerative. • Inadequateinstitutionalsupporttolivestockproductionsystemsinarid andsemi-aridareas. • Inadequateinstitutionalsupporttothefishingindustryincludingcapture andaquaculturefisheries. • Increasedfrequencyandseverityofextremeweathersuchasfloods anddroughtasaresultofglobalwarmingandclimatechange,adversely affectingfoodproduction. 9 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 • • • • Inadequateflowofinformationontheadverseclimatechangeimpacts andactionstotheproducers Increasedpressureonnaturalresourcesanddegradationof environmentduetorapidpopulationgrowth,poorsoil managementpractices,overgrazingetc. Inappropriateandlowadoptionofproductiontechnologiesbyfarmers duetoweakresearch–extension-farmerslinkages Genderimbalancesinaccesstoopportunitiesinproduction,marketing andconsumptions,accessandcontrolofproductiveresources. Source: East African community Food Security Action Plan (2011 – 2015) 10 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 2.0 ObjectivesoftheLakeVictoria ClimateChangeBriefNo.3 TheoverallobjectiveoftheLakeVictoriaClimateChangeReadinessBriefNo.3is toinfluenceprioritization,betterinvestmentsandpolicyactionstoaddressthe impactofclimatechangeonagriculture,nutritionandfoodsecurityamongstthe poorcommunitiesoftheLVBinUganda,KenyaandTanzaniabytherelevantactors attheInternational,regionalandnationallevels SpecificallythisBriefseekstoaddressthefollowing: • Review literature on effects of climate change on agriculture, nutrition and foodsecurityamongstthepoorcommunitiesoftheLVBinUganda,Kenyaand Tanzania • Establish the policy provisions in the EACCCP that relate to address the climatechangeeffectsinEastAfricaandassesstheextenttowhichtheyhave addressedagriculture,nutritionandfoodsecurityoftheLVBinUganda,Kenya andTanzaniasincetheywereadoptedinApril2011 • Highlight successes and challenges that are hindering the effective implementationofEACCCPprovisionsinrelationtoagriculture,nutritionand foodsecurity. • Provide recommendations and available options on how poor communities intheLVBinUganda,KenyaandTanzaniacanbesupportedtocopewiththe adverseeffectsofclimatechangeonagriculture,nutritionandfoodsecurity atthelocalnationalandregionallevelsintheshort,mediumandlong-term. 11 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 3.0 UnderstandingtheEastAfrican CommunityClimaticConditions AccordingtotheEACTreaty,theEastAfricaCommunityexiststoensuresustainable growthanddevelopmentinthePartnerStates1.Itrecognizesthat“acleanand healthy environment is a prerequisite for sustainable development.”2 Thus, the Treatytasksmemberstatestotakemeasuresto“preserve,protectandenhance the quality of the environment;” “contribute towards the sustainability of the environment;” and “ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources.” This mandateguidestheimplementationofaclimatechangeagendainthesub-region. Climate change in East Africa manifests itself as two phenomena: (i) gradual changeofmeantemperature,meanprecipitationandvariationinprecipitation; and(ii)increasesintheintensityandfrequencyofextremeclimateevents,such asdroughts,floods,heatwavesandlightning(GoUNAPA,2007:xiv;GoUClimate Policy Paper, 2012:5). An analysis of data from the International Emergency DisasterDatabasebyshengweetal.revealedthattherehasalsobeenanincrease inthenumberofreportedhydro-meteorologicaldisastersintheEastAfricaregion, from an average of less than three events per year in the 1980s, to over seven eventsperyearinthe1990s,andalmostteneventsperyearfrom2000to2006, withaparticularincreaseinfloods,fromaverageoflessthanoneeventperyear in the 1980s to seven events per year between 2000 and 2006 (Shongwe et al. 2010:3719). In the last three decades climate change has emerged as the major complex challengeinLVB.Giventhegeographicalandclimaticconditionsincludingthehigh dependenceonthenaturalresourcesandlimitedcapacitytoadapttothechanging climaticandfrequatenaturaldisasters.(AfricaDevelopmentBanketal2003).The increasingeffectsofclimaticchangehaveoccuredasaresultofincreasedhuman activities along the lake basin. Consequently these activities have resulted in frequentdroughtandfloodwhichhavehamperedfoodproductionleadingtofood insecuritywiththeEastAfricaregion. The situation highlight the importance of the three governments providing leadership in developing policy and institional enviroment that will lead to formulation of both adaptation and mitigation mechanisms to reverse these effects.Engagement of development partners and the communities along lake victoriabasiniscriticalinmitigatingfuturedevastatingeffectsofclimatechange. 12 1 2 See generally EAC Treaty, supra note 5, art. 5(2)(a),(c),(g). Id., art. 111(1). Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 3.1 Kenya TheevidenceofclimatechangeinKenyaisunmistakable.Temperatureshaverisen throughoutthecountry.Rainfallshavebecomescarce,irregularandunpredictable, andwhenitisraining,downpourismoreintense.Moreover,extremeandharsh weather has become a norm. Like the rest of the world Kenya is experiencing climatechangeandvariabilityandtheassociatedadverseimpacts. ThestateofclimatechangeinKenyaisdocumentedintheNationalClimateChange ResponseStrategy(2010),TheNationalClimateChangeActionPlan(2013-2017) and The State of Environment Outlook (2010) among other studies. An analysis oftrendsintemperature,rainfallpatterns,extremeeventsandslowonsetevents pointstoclearevidenceofclimatechangeinthecountry,withaclearindication thattemperatureshavegenerallyrisenthroughoutthecountry. These incidences of climate change and variability present a number of socioeconomicandenvironmentalchallengesandopportunitiesforKenya.Some of the challenges include intensified natural resource degradation, increased flooding, storms, excessive and erratic rainfall, droughts, invasive weeds, pestand-disease epidemics, infrastructure damage, and increased risk of resource use conflicts, reduced agricultural production and increased food insecurity. Whilevulnerabilitytotheseimpactsisdifferentiatedandcontext-specific,ithas thepotentialtoresultinsignificanteconomiccoststhatcanderailattainmentof developmentgoals. Review made in the Atlas of Kenya’s changing environment (2009) show that Kenya’saverageannualtemperaturesincreasedby1°Cbetween1960and2003 whiletemperaturesinwesternKenyaroseby0.5°Cbetween1981and2004.Inthe drierpartsofKenyaitwentupby1.5°Coverthesameperiod.Diurnaltemperature range was found to have narrowed, with minimum temperatures having risen fasterthanmaximumtemperatures. Thesechangeshaveledtoashiftoftheupperaltitudinallimitsofagroecological zone(AEZ)boundariesbyabout90masl.Itisprojectedtoincreaseby1.0to3.5°C bythe2050s–2060s,andabout4°Cbytheyear2100.Seasonalrainfalltrendshas beenfoundtogivemixedresults,withsomelocationsindicatingincreasingtrends 13 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 whileothersshownosignificantchanges.Theannualrainfalltotalsshoweither neutralorslightlydecreasingtrendsduetoageneraldeclineinthemainlongrains (MAM)season. Climate change has increased vulnerabilities in Kenya. The smallholder farmers with substantial exposure to climate change elements are rendered vulnerable, oftenfacingseriouscropfailures,incomelossesandlivelihoodcollapses. 3.2 Tanzania Tanzania is experiencing significant climate variability and climate change. According to NAPA (2007) and researches done by Orindi and Murray (2005), over the past years the climate in regions throughout the country has changed significantlyindicatingthatbytheendofthecentury,averagetemperaturesare projectedtoincreasebetween1.90Cand3.60C,whilesealevelisprojectedtorise between65cmtoonemetercompared.Rainfallisalsosaidtodecreaseinthedry seasonanditisexpectedtoincreaseduringtherainyseason,leadingtoagrowing riskoffloods,watershortageandrelatedconflicts; The medium and small rivers in the central and eastern parts of Tanzania, for example, could become exhausted in the dry season while underground water have been diminishing accompanied with water-salt intrusion leading to water shortages. Climatechangeisalsoexpectedtoincreasetheseverity,durationandfrequency ofweatherrelatedextremeeventssuchasdroughtandfloods,threateningwater availabilityandfoodsecurityformillionsofpoorpeople.Thereforeclimatechange isviewedasoneofthegravestthreatsofthepresentandfutureofhumanityin Tanzania. AnumberofstudiesconductedrecentlyinTanzaniahaverecognizedthatCC&V ishappeningandiscoupledwithsignificantimpactonvariousnaturalresources includingagriculturewhichisthemainsourceoflivelihoodinruralareas(Majule etal.,2008).Variousclimate-relatedimpactssuchasfloodsanddroughtsregularly havesubstantialeffectsoneconomicperformanceandlivelihoodofcommunities inruralareasthatdependonrain-fedagriculture.Forexample,droughtsandfloods havebeenreportedtocausefailureanddamagetocropandlivestockleadingto chronicfoodshortages(Liwengaetal.,2007;KangalaweandLiwenga,2005). 14 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 3.3 Uganda Uganda’sclimateisnaturallyvariableandsusceptibletofloodanddroughtevents which have had negative socio-economic impacts in the past. Human induced climatechangeislikelytoincreaseaveragetemperaturesinUgandabyupto1.5 ºCinthenext20yearsandbyupto4.3ºCbythe2080s.Suchratesofincrease areunprecedented.Changesinrainfallpatternsandtotalannualrainfallamounts are also expected but these are less certain than changes in temperature. The climateofUgandamaybecomewetteronaverageandtheincreaseinrainfallmay beunevenlydistributedandoccurasmoreextremeormorefrequentperiodsof intenserainfall. Regardless of changes in rainfall, changes in temperature are likely to have significant implications for water resources, food security, natural resource management, human health, settlements and infrastructure. In Uganda, as for therestoftheworld,therearelikelytobechangesinthefrequencyorseverity of extreme climate events, such as heat waves, droughts, floods and storms (Hepworth,N.andGoulden,M.,2008). Uganda’s NAPA, published in 2007, suggests a trend of increasing frequency of droughteventsandalsoincreasedrainfallvariabilityinrecentyears,linkingthem toclimatechange.However,caremustbetakeninassessingtrendswheredata are incomplete or are only available for a few years. There is not enough data presentedintheNAPAreporttoassessthereliabilityoftheseclaimsandthereis verylittlepublishedliteratureonrecenttrendsinUganda.Someoftheseimpacts include;Increasedfoodinsecurity;Shiftsinareasaffectedandincreasedincidence insomeareasofdiseases,higherintensityevents;Greaterrisksofflooddamage to infrastructure, property and settlements; Shifts in the viable area for coffee cultivationwithincreasedtemperature;reducedoutputofthemaizecrop;among others 15 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 4.0MethodologyinpreparationoftheBrief The assignment was carried out largely through review of existing literature including: the EACCCP, UNFCCC National Communications, NAPAs for Tanzania andUganda,National(Kenya)Climatechangeresponsestrategy-Kenya(2010), UgandaNationalClimateChangePolicy(2013),TanzaniaClimateChangeResponse Strategy (2012), EAC development plans related to agriculture, nutrition and food security, Smart Fish report on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing 2012, and other relevant documents. Selected interviews and discussions were alsoconductedwithkeyinformantslikeLVBC,LVFO,NationalClimateChangeand agricultural-related Focal Point ministries and agencies, key CSOs, and selected communities. In addition, field visits were carried out in Uganda (Kampala and Jinja), Kenya (KisumuandNairobi)andTanzania(Mwanza).Thevisitsaimedatgatheringfield dataandinformationintheviewofassessingtheimpactsofclimatechangeon Agricultureandfoodsecurity.Aswellasassessingthelevelofimplementationof theprovisionswithinEACCCPthroughapredevelopedscorecard. 16 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 5.0AssessmentFindings Theliteraturereviewedshowedthatincreasedtemperaturesdepletelandofits moisture more rapidly and could lead to regional water scarcity, salinization of agricultural lands, and to the destruction of crops. As temperatures increase, precipitationisbecomingmorevariableovermostpartsofEastAfrica.Forsome regions, rainfall variability and unpredictability has been substantial in the past fortytofiftyyears.AccordingtoBokoetal.(2007)therehasbeenanoverallannual decline in rainfall observed since the end of the 1960s over Africa with some regionsexperiencinggreaterdeclinesthanothers. Anumberofauthorsareinagreementthatseasonalityrepresentsanimportant sourceofstressinthelivesandlivelihoodsofpoorruralcommunities(Devereux etal,2008). TherearesomeindicationsthatseasonalityischangingaswellinEastAfricainthe scientificliterature(e.g.Bokoetal.,2007).Thesechangescanbeeitherpositive (increasedprecipitation)ornegative(e.g.shorterrainyseasons). 5.1 EffectsofClimateChangeonAgriculture Agriculture is the most important economic activity in the LVB, supporting over 80percentofthepopulationofabout30millionpeople,but60percentofthese dependonrain-basedruraleconomies,generatingintherangeof30–40percent ofthecountries’grossdomesticproduct(GDP)3 . Rain-fedagricultureintheLVBconstitutesmorethan95percentoftheagricultural landuseandithasundergoneenormousenvironmentalchangeswithinthelast40 years4.Climatechangeandlanddegradationhavebeenrepeatedlyrecognizedas beingamongthemajorcontributorsofrapidlyevolvingchangesinthebasinthat seriouslythreatenitsecosystemfunctions,overallbiodiversityandthelivelihoods ofitpopulations 5. World Bank, World development report, 1997, Washington, DC: Th e World Bank, 1997. E O Odada, D O Olago, K Kulindwa, M Ntiba and S Wandiga, Mitigation of environmental problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: causal chain and policy options analyses, Ambio 33 (2004), (1–2). 3 4 17 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Climatechangehasnegativelyimpactedonfoodsecurityinthesub-region.News of failed harvests, massive livestock deaths, malnutrition and nutrition-related ailments has not been uncommon, a situation that has stirred a growing food insecuritycrisisinthesub-region6 . Thecatastropheshavebeenreportedevenbeyondthetraditionallyfoodinsecure areas,toincludeareasthathadhithertobeenregardedasthesub-region’s“food baskets.” Further, climate change has generated serious challenges for human security in thesub-region.Ononehand,itcontinuestoimpactthehealthofmillionsofthe region’sinhabitantsasitunleashesvector-andwater-bornediseases. Ashealthcatastrophesimpactpreviouslyunaffectedareas,womenandchildren havebornethebruntoftheseimpacts. This fact erodes the gains achieved by implementing MDGs relating to child mortalityandmaternalhealth.Ontheotherhand,violentconflictsinagricultural areas of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have been attributed to climate related stresses. The frequent floods and droughts have compounded human suffering, deprivation,anddisplacement7. 5.2 EffectsofClimateChangeonFoodSecurityandNutrition The reviewed literature and interviews showed climate change and increasing climate variability. Seasons have become more unpredictable and distribution of rainfall unreliable, making it difficult for farmers to plan their farming and marketingactivities. 5 Verschuren, T C Johnson, H J Kling et al, History and timing of human impact on Lake Victoria, East Africa, London: Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 2002, 269, 289–294. 6 According to the Washington-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the sub-region’s aggregate hunger index is worrying, with the hunger situation in Kenya and Uganda ranked as “serious”, that in Tanzania and Rwanda “alarming”, and Burundi’s stubbornly remaining “extremely alarming”. See IFPRI, Global Hunger Index 2011 1, 4 (2011), http://www.ifpri.org/sites/ default/files/publications/ghi11.pdf (showing a percentage increase in hunger index of +21, Burundi was the biggest loser, globally). 7 See, e.g., Adam Robertson, Colin Crowley, & Michael Tait, Kenya’s Drought Crisis: Starving to Death, The Guardian (Oct. 28, 2009), http:// www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/oct/27/kenya-drought-childs-eye? INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487; see also, Xan Rice, Almost 4 million Kenyan on food aid as drought deepens, The Guardian (Sept. 17, 2009), http://www. guardian.co.uk/ world/2009/sep/17/kenya-drought-cattle-deaths. 18 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Notablyinthelastfewdecades,theEACregioncontinuestoexperiencethebrunt ofglobalclimatechangemanifestedthroughincreasedfoodinsecurity.Theeffects arefeltbythepoor-particularly,smallholderfarmers,pastoralists,andfishermen whorelymostlyonagricultureandfishingfortheirlivelihood. Rainfall has increasingly become less reliable in each passing year, resulting in seasonalplantingandharvestingdisruptions,leadingtohugeeconomiclossesto farmers. Foraregion-whererain-fedagricultureistheprimarysourceoffoodandincome, erraticrainfallcoupledwithdroughtsandfloodshavehadadverseeffectsthatare insurmountable.Ineachofthethreecountries,theagriculturalsectorabsorbsthe laborforceoverwhelmingly;inTanzaniaagriculturalemploymentis80%(Tanzania EconomyProfile2013);Kenya75%(Kenya-AfricaEconomicOutlook2013)andin Uganda80%(UgandaEconomyProfile2013)indicatingthatalargeproportionof theregion’spopulationisdirectlyaffectedbyunpredictableclimateandweather. Theassessmentshowedthatclimatechangehasanevengreaterimpactinthearid andsemi-aridlands(ASALs).InKenya,where80percentofthetotallandsurface is identified as ASAL, according to the Stockholm Environment Unit (SEU), the futureeconomiccostsoftheimpactsofclimatechangeonmarketandnon-market sectorsmightbecloseto3percentofGDPperyearby2030. TheothercountrywithlargeASALisTanzania,whichhascometotermswiththe realitiesofwaterscarcityasthewetlandsofVinyungoandNjombearedryingup. Theassessmentrevealedthat,movementofpeopleinsearchforarablelandand waterhasledtodisplacementofsomecommunitiesandcreatingsocialinstability, thishasbeenwitnessedinUgandaandKenya.Droughthasreducedtheavailability of water sources, particularly in the ‘cattle corridor’ that stretches from the Uganda-TanzaniabordertotheKaramojaregion. Climate change enhances the existing malnutrition cases in East Africa and will furtherunderminecurrenteffortstoreducepovertyandmalnutrition.Malnutrition inturnunderminestheresilienceofvulnerablepopulationsdecreasingtheirability tocopeandadapttotheconsequencesofclimatechangeandtheirabilitytogrow economically. 19 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Changesinextremeweatherevents,seasonalityandotherclimatevariables,along withchangesinecosystems,biodiversityandnaturalresourceshaveconsiderable effectsonthefoodandnutritionsecurityofsocietiesandeconomies,whichare closelydependentonrainfallandnaturalresourcesfortheirlivesandlivelihoods. Fromthisliteraturereview,veryfewstudiesanalyzedinacomprehensivemanner theimpactsandthreatsonmalnutritionandnutritioninsecurityinEastAfrica.On theotherhand,predictionsontheadditionalclimatechange-inducedcaseloadof stuntedorwastedchildren(orotherpopulationgroups)werealmostinexistentin theliterature. Nutrition remains a subordinate theme in the climate change, agriculture and foodsecurityresearchagenda,andthisdespitethefactthatpromisingresearch projects are developed at present to better bridge the agriculture, health and nutritionagendas–suchastherecentinitiativeoftheInternationalFoodPolicy ResearchInstitute(IFPRI)initiative.Nutritionremainssubordinateintheclimate change agenda including EACCCP where nutrition is lamped together with food security. 5.3 EffectsofClimateChangeonFisheries Thereviewedliteraturepointstothefactthatclimatechangeispredictedtohave arangeofdirectandindirectimpactsonmarineandfreshwatercapturefisheries, withimplicationsforfisheries-dependenteconomies,communitiesandfisherfolk. Reviewon2012auditofthemanagementoffisheriesactivitiesintheTanzanian portionofLakeVictoriabytheMinistryofLivestock,FisheriesandDevelopment showed that available stock of Nile Perch in Tanzanian waters is estimated at 165,439 tonnes while its annual quantity of removal is estimated at 101,298 tonnes.IntheUgandanportionofthelake,theoverallannualcatchofNileperch hasdecreasedovertheyearsfrom94,903in2005to70,061in2011.Catchesof tilapiahavealsodecreasedby34%from29,450in2005to19,350in2011. Fisheries and fisher folk are impacted in a wide range of ways due to climate change.Theseincludethedistributionorproductivityofmarineandfreshwater fishstocks,habitatdamageandfreshwateravailability. 20 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Fisheriesaredynamicsocial-ecologicalsystemsandarealreadyexperiencingrapid changeinmarkets,exploitationandgovernance,ensuringaconstantlydeveloping contextforfutureclimate-relatedimpacts. 5.4 EffectsofclimatechangeonLivestock Livestock production contributes significantly to the economy of East African countriesandhasbeenrecognizedtobeamongthemostsignificantsourcesof revenuesintheregion.However,thelargeproportionoflivestockincludingcattle isownedbysmallscalepoorfarmerswhoarefacingseveralchallengesincluding variationofclimatepatterns.Beinginthepoolofpoverty,climatechangehasdirect impactsonsmallscalelivestockkeepersandaffectstheirresiliencetolivelihood includingfoodsecurity. AccordingtoLVBCVulnerabilityAssessment,Themajorfactorsaffectinglivestock farmingintheregionincludelackofpasture(43%)andLivestockdiseases(29%). Inadequategrazinglandandlackofwaterhavealsoaffectedtheregion’slivestock farming. Changes in accessibility to safe and clean drinking water source have resultedtoriversanddamsdryingupandfloodsacrosstheregions. Theregionhasalsoexperienceddiminishingtreecoveranddiminishinggrassland whichreducesareaswherelivestockgettheirfeed. Thedirecteffectofclimatechangeasaresultofincreasedambienttemperature and concurrent changes in heat exchanges causes heat stress which influences growth, reproduction performance, milk production, wool production, animal healthandwelfare(Walteretal2010).Heatstresssufferedbyanimalswillreduce feedintakeandresultinpoorgrowthperformance. Climatechangeisalsoexpectedtoincreasetherisksofdroughtandfloodsthat occurwithElNiñointhefutureandthiscouldresultinserioushighmortalityof livestock due to drought resulting in pasture shortage and water scarcity which willaggravatetheexistingconflictsonnaturalresourcesandfoodinsecurityinthe region.SimilarlyElNiñomayresultindiseasesoutbreaksrelatedtoflooding. 21 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 6.0ProvisionsoftheEACCCPonAgriculture, FoodSecurityandNutrition The EACCCP seeks to guide partner states and other stakeholders on the preparationandimplementationofcollectivemeasurestoaddressClimateChange intheregionwhileassuringsustainablesocialandeconomicdevelopment.One ofthemajorchallengestothispolicyisthatitislargelyunknownespeciallyatthe partnerstateslevel. The review established that in April 2011, the Ninth Extraordinary Summit adoptedandapprovedtheDeclarationonFoodSecurityandClimateChange,the EAC Climate Change Policy, and the EAC Food Security Action Plan, 2010-2015. InMay2011,theEACSecretariatconvenedtheMulti-SectoralMeetingonFood SecurityandClimateChangetofacilitateexpertdeliberationonthemodalitiesof implementingthesedocuments.Theeventualoutcomewastheadoptionofthe EACClimateChangeMasterPlan.TogetherwiththeEACClimateChangePolicy, the Master Plan provides a number of guidelines that partner states and other stakeholderscanuseinthepreparationandimplementationofcollectivemeasures toaddressclimatechange. Thepolicymakesprovisionsinrelationtoaddressingagriculture,foodsecurityand nutritionthatincludebutnotlimitedtoAdaptationandMitigation,asreviewed below 6.1 EACCCPProvisionsrelatedtoAgriculture In relation to climate change,the policy considers the following agricultureand foodsecuritychallenges: Control of crop, livestock and fish pests and diseases affecting yield potentials; Restoreandsustainaquaticecosystemstopreventdepletionoffishingstocksin all the sources; extreme weather conditions to improve crop, fish and livestock productivity; Availability of suitable infrastructure to enable accessibility of livestockfeeds,fisheriesandcropproducts;andcropandlivestockstoragefacilities; Inadequatedatabaseandinformationsharingplatformbaselineformonitoring impactsofclimatechange;Ineffectiveagriculturalandagriculturalrelatedpolicies, skilledtechnicianstoaddressclimatechangeinagriculturesectors; 22 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Lack of improved high yielding/climate friendly varieties and Inadequate farm inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) to increase productivity; and inadequate financial resources. 6.1.1 Adaptation The adaptation strategy seeks to develop adaptation framework for agriculture to improve agricultural productivity and enhance food security. The specific adaptationsactionsthatweretobeundertakenbyeachmemberstateinclude; Promotesustainablelandmanagementpracticesincludingconservationagriculture andimprovedproductionsystemsaspartofaclimatechangeadaptationstrategy; Promote development and implementation of irrigated agriculture through irrigationpolicies; Promote water availability and its sustainable use practices and technologies in agriculture,livestock and aquaculture for efficient utilization of water especially inaridandsemi-aridlands(ASALs);Promoteagroprocessingandenhancefood storagefacilities;Promoteefficientlivestockandaquacultureproductionsystems includingfodderandpasturestorageandavailability;Increaseuseofintegrated cropandlivestockpestsanddiseasemanagementintheregion; Improve management of natural resources (land, water, fisheries and forest) in order to ensure sustainable production; To improve on the food management anddistributionsystemstoensureaccessandaffordability;Strengtheningagrometeorologicalinformationgenerationforimprovedearlywarningsystemsforfood security;Promoteharmonizationofpolicies,strategiesandstandardsofPartner Statesagricultural,livestockandfisheriesresearchinstitutionsandorganizations. 6.1.2 Mitigation Theassessmentrevealedthatmitigationisgearedtowardssupportingsustainable development while contributing to the global efforts of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. It also aims at minimizing the EAC region’s Greenhouse Gas emissions,whileensuringsustainabledevelopment.Themainsectoralchallenge is having environmentally friendly and efficient livestock and crop production systems. Mitigation actions proposed in the EACCCP are summarized in Box 2 below 23 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Box2:MitigationactionsintheEACCCP • • • • 6.2 Upscaleactivitiesthatenhancethecarbonstoragecapacitysuchas conservationagricultureandagroforestry; Supportdevelopmentofjointresearchprograms(including researchondrought,pestsanddiseaseresistantcropsand livestock),andfostercooperationwithregionalorganizations tofacilitatetransferofresearchdevelopmentsfromotherregions; Supportbestagriculturalpracticesthatleadtoreducedemissionssuch assoilconservation; Promoteefficientcropandlivestockproductionsystemstoreduce emissionsassociatedwithagriculturalpractices; EACCCPProvisionsrelatedtoLandUseandSoilProtection Climate change exacerbates soil erosion, land degradation, loss of biodiversity and soil infertility. Incidents of floods, droughts and deforestation are already becomingfrequentinEastAfrica.Asaresult,sustainablelandmanagementhas beenunderthreat. Theincreaseinfrequenciesandseverityofrainfallvariability,floods,droughtsand other related incidents will continue to threaten sustainable land management practicesbecauseproductivesoilswillcontinuetodiminish.Thiswillworsenthe alreadyemerginglandandlimitedresourceconflictsbetweenandamongvarious landusersintheregion,forexamplepastoralistsandfarmers. The sectoral challenges highlighted in the EACCCP include; Decreasing land and soils productivity in the region; Poor land and soil management practices; Increasedpopulationpressureonlandleadingtoincreasedlandanddegradation; Weaklanduseandlandusechangepoliciesandplans;LackofharmonizedPolicies onlanduseatregionallevel. 24 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 6.2.1 Adaptation TheAdaptationstrategyseekstoachievethefollowing: • Improvelandproductivityandsoilfertilityinteraliathrough;integrated nutrientmanagement,improvingsoilquality,enhancingsoilandwater conservationmeasurestoenhancephysical,chemical,biologicalor economicproperties; • Promoteactionsthatreducelanddegradationandsoilerosionespecially inthefragileecosystemssuchasmountainousareas,lakeshoresand riverbanks;and • Facilitateformulationofintegratedsustainablelandmanagement investmentframeworksandlandusepoliciesandplans. 25 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 7.0 LevelofdomesticationoftheEACCCP byEACPartnerStates The domestication of the EACCCP for each country has been through the formulationofcountries’climatechangepolicies,strategiesandactionplans.This isdescribedbelow: 7.1 Kenya Throughliteraturereviewanddatacollectedfromthefield,weestablishedthat Kenyahasmaderemarkablemoveinprioritizingenvironmentandclimatechange in her development agenda, being guided by EACCCP, it is important to take cognizanceofthefactthatcoordinationandgovernanceofthesameremainspread acrossdifferentgovernmentMinistriesandAgenciesasishighlightedbelow: 7.1.1PolicyFramework National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) and National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), (GoK 2010b) is the framework that guides the integration of climate concerns into development priorities,governmentplanningandbudgeting.NCCRShighlightsvariousmeasures foradaptationandmitigationtotheimpactsofclimatechangeonagriculture(GoK 2010b). Theseadaptationandmitigationplanshighlightsarangeofinnovativetechnologies suchasirrigation;earlymaturingandhighyieldingcropvarietiesaswellasdrought andpestresistantcropvarietiesanddisease-resistantlivestock.TheNCCRSalso advocates diversification of livelihoods; adaptation of agricultural technologies fromanalogueenvironments;andenhancingearlywarningsystemswithdrought monitoringandseasonalforecastswithrespecttofoodsecurity. AgriculturalSectorDevelopmentStrategy(ASDS) The Kenyan government adopted the Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) in 2010. ASDS 2010-2020 sets out a detailed plan to ‘position’ the agriculturalsectorasakeydriverfordeliveringthe10percentannualeconomic growth rate envisaged under the economic pillar of Vision 2030. ASDS seeks to achieve‘afoodsecureandprosperousnation’andthestrategyaimstoincrease productivity,commercializationandcompetitivenessofagriculturalcommodities andenterprises;anddevelopandmanagekeyfactorsofproduction(ASDS,2010a). 26 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 TheSecondMediumTermPlan2013-2017(MTP) The Second Medium Term Plan 2013-2017 (MTP) identifies key policy actions, reforms, programmes and projects to be implemented in the 2013-2017. The MTPgivesprioritytodevolutionasspeltoutintheconstitutionandtomorerapid socio-economicdevelopmentwithequityasatoolforbuildingnationalunity.The Second MTP also aims to build on the successes of the first MTP (2008-2012), particularlyinincreasingthescaleandpaceofeconomictransformationthrough infrastructuredevelopment,andstrategicemphasisonprioritysectorsunderthe economicandsocialpillarsofVision2030. TheVision2030 Vision 2030 does make reference to climate change adaptation in the context of building capacity as part of the Environment. Vision 2030 has captured the followingclimatechangegoalsandstrategies: • • • • • Expansionandintensificationofirrigation, Improvementofseedqualityandlivestockproductivity(e.g.throughseeding Ranchesandrangelandsandenrichedfodder), Bettermanagementofwaterquality(increasedwaterstorageandharvesting), Conservationofforeststhroughrehabilitationofdegradedwatercatchment areas, • Implementationofcompensationforenvironmentalservicestoincludecarbon marketsanduseofbiotechnology,integration KenyaNationalFoodandNutritionSecurityPolicy2011:TheFoodandNutrition Security Policy (FNSP) provide an overarching framework covering the multiple dimensionsoffoodsecurityandnutritionimprovement.Thispolicyisframedin thecontextofbasichumanrights,childrightsandwomen’srights,includingthe universal‘RighttoFood’.Itrecognizestheneedformulti-publicandprivatesector involvement,andthathungereradicationandnutritionimprovementisashared responsibilityofallKenyans. Kenya Fisheries Policy 2005: This policy guides the sustainable development of theKenyafisherysectorinaneffectiveandcoordinatedmanner.Thepolicygives due consideration to issues on conservation and sustainable use, self-reliance in fisheries (Fisheries community representatives), development of stable and transparentaccessandallocationapproachesandsharedstewardship 27 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 7.1.1Institutionalframework The review on the institutional framework identified various actors include Government ministries and institutions such as the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), the Climate Change Coordination Unit (CCCU), and several government parastatals anddepartments;internationalNon-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs),United Nations(UN)andrelatedbodies;NGOsCommunityBasedOrganizations(CBOs); developmentpartners;theprivatesector;civil,researchandacademicinstitutions. 7.1.3SampleprojectaddressingvariousprovisionsinKenya Drought tolerant and disease and pest resistance crops Theinterviewsandliteraturereviewedpointedtothefactthatthepromotionof adoption of drought-tolerant crops by government agencies and NGO has been wideacrossthecountry.CropslikeSorghumthatgrowwellevenunderaridand semi-arid areas are the main crops being promoted under this initiative. Some oftheregionswherethisinitiativeisimplementedincludeNyanzaandWestern regions.InWesternKenyaforexampleahigh-yieldingdrought-tolerantsorghum hasbeenhighlypromotedandadoptedbythelocals.(Khamsin,2011). Theassessmentrevealedthatthoughthisinitiativehasbeenwellreceived,there arehoweverchallengesincludingdestructionofthecropbyanimalsandbirds.The traditionalbeliefthatmaizeisthemainfoodintheseregionshasalsohampered adoption by most farmers. Famers are stuck on maize even when the yield has beenverypoorinthepastyears. Dripirrigationtechnology TheliteraturereviewedindicatedthatDripirrigationisviewedasaviableoption in response to increased frequency and intensity of drought. The technology is promoted by NGOs, the government and even private sector. The assessment however established that the initial financial requirement for investing in drip irrigationishighforsmallholderfarmersmakingitsadoptionachallenge.Themain suppliesofthistechnologyincludeKenyaagriculturalResearchInstitute(KARI)and Amiran. A number of NGOs are supporting community groups through financial aid to investinDripIrrigation.AcaseinpointisLVEMPIIthathassupportedNyathiBiro supportgroupinAheroKisumuCounty.Thegroupreceivedfundingandhasput uptwogreenhouses. 28 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Pipes for irrigating vegetables at a farm in Kenya. Photo UCSD EarlyWarningforCropProduction Thisinvolvesdisseminatingmeteorologicalforecasttofarmers.Amongthecritical elementsoftheforecastaretherainfallamountandpatterntheaimistoenable farmerstoplantheirfarmactivitiesandchoosecropvarietiestoplant.Duringour literaturereviewweestablishedthatweatherinformationiswidelycommunicated throughappropriateradioandtelevisionchannelsandwhereapplicablecaution is sounded on impending floods to prepare people to move to safer grounds. RelianceontheearlywarningthroughMeteorologicalishoweverlowsincemost peoplebelieveitisnotaccurate. InterventionsinLivestockProduction Literaturereviewandinterviewsindicatedthatdairycowsandgoatrearingwas more common in the Rift Valley and Central Kenya. However in the recent past throughsupportfromNGOsotherregionsaretakingupthisinitiative. 29 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Amongtheimportantclimatechangeresponseinterventionsimplementedinthis sub-sector include participatory breeding of the local breeds, establishment of fodderbanks,replantingrangelands,anddiversificationoflivestockenterprises. AnimalFeed The assessment established that the major livestock feed in smallholder dairy production systems in Kenya are natural pastures and planted fodder, mainly napiergrass(Orodho,2006).Variousfodderlegumesandfoddershrubshavealso been introduced to farmers with varying degrees of success in increasing milk production. Theassessmentrevealedthattheadoptionoffeedtechnologieshasbeenslowed downbyanumberoffactors.Forinstance,feedconservationtechnologyliketube silagerequiresabundanceoffodder. However, because of small farm sizes, smallholders are not able to produce sufficientquantitiestowarranttheuseofthetechnology. LivelihoodDiversification Climatechangehashadadverseeffecttosmallholderfarmersacrossthecountry since majority rely on rain fed agriculture. Diversification of livelihood systems amongthesevulnerablepeopleisthereforeanimportantadaptationstrategyas illustratedinBox3below Box3:LivelihooddiversificationbyNyathiBiroSupportGroupinKisumuCounty For example, a Focused Group Discussion with representative from Nyathi Biro SupportGroupwhichisasupportgroupofcaregiversofOrphansandVulnerable Children.Thegroupwasformedin2006.Andhasamembershipof20caregivers (18 females and 2 males). The organization is currently working with LVEMP II Kenya. They have received funding to dig up a water pan and put up 2 green houses.Thegroupmembersarealsoengagedinothervariousincomegenerating activitiesatindividualleveltoboosttheirincome. 30 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 7.1.4Mitigation TheKenyaAgriculturalCarbonProject(KACP),developedbytheViAgroforestry programme,receivesmitigationfundingfromtheWorldBank’sBioCarbonFund forsoilcarbonsequestrationandabove-groundsequestrationintrees.Apartfrom providingfarmerswithasmallsumofextramoney,theswitchtoclimate-smart agriculturalpracticeshashadtheadditionalbenefitsofincreasingcropyieldsas well as improving farmer’s resilience to climate change. According to a recent World Bank commissioned study, the crop yield increases alone are worth US$ 200-400/ha/year.InKACP,ViAgroforestryandtheBioCarbonFundhasdeveloped the Sustainable Agricultural Land Management (SALM) methodology. A model approachtomeasuringsoilcarbonsequestrationisbeingused,whichhasbeen approvedbytheVerifiedCarbonStandard(VCS)agency(SeeBox4below). Box4:TheKenyaAgriculturalCarbonProject(KACP) TheKenyaAgriculturalCarbonProject(KACP)involves60,000farmerson45,000 hectares to support farming that is more productive, sustainable and climatefriendly.Afteryearsoflanddegradation,manyfarmersstruggledtogrowenough foodfortheirfamilies.Theyarenowusingawiderangeofmethodstoincrease theorganicmatterinsoils.Inthelongterm,thisshouldimprovethesoil’swater absorption,nutrientsupplyandbiodiversity,andhelppreventerosion.Bettersoils raisefarmyields,improvingfoodsecurityandmakingagriculturemoreresilientto climatechange. OnJanuary162014,theprojectissueditsfirstcarboncreditsundertheVerified Carbon Standard(VCS) for sequestering carbon in soil, thanksto thesechanged agricultural land management practices. The credits represent a reduction of 24,788metrictonsofcarbondioxide,whichisequivalenttoemissionsfrom5,164 vehiclesinayear. Experience from 1,505 farmer groups over three years illustrates how carbon finance can promote the adoption of SALM practices and open up the carbon markettosmallholderfarmers.ResultssofarshowthatSALMcanhelpincrease farmers’yieldsbyupto15-20%.Theseproductivitygainsfromgreatersoilfertility help counteract the effects of increasingly extreme weather conditions. By sequesteringmorecarboninthesoil,SALMalsohelpsmitigateclimatechange. 31 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 KACP forms an important part of the World Bank’s efforts to extend climate financetoincentivizebetterlandmanagement.TheSwedishNGOViAgroforestry is responsible for implementation in Kenya, supported by the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund and its participants - the French Development Agency and the SyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgriculture.TheFundwillpurchaseapartof thecarboncreditsgeneratedbytheprojectby2017,estimatedat$600,000. However, concerns have been raised, notably by the International Agricultural TradePolicyInstitute(IATP),abouttheadequacyofacarbonmarketapproachto financingashifttosustainableagriculture Source: www.biocarbonfund.org 7.1.5Conclusion TheassessmentestablishedthatKenyaiscommittedtowardsimplementationof theprovisionsintheEACCCPthataddressissuesoflivelihoodandfoodsecurity, fisheriesandnutrition. • AgriculturalsectorinKenyaishighlyexposedtoclimatechangeandclimate variability,asfarmingactivitiesdirectlydependonclimaticconditions.This has had destruction on crop, livestock and fish production exposing the citizenstofoodsecurity • SincetheenactmentofEACCCP,Kenyahasinvestedinthepolicyframework thatenhancesproductivitywhiletakingintoaccountthenegativeeffectsof climatechange.Planningforadaptationandmitigationmechanisms • ThecomplexityoftheinstitutionalstructureinKenyahasledtodevelopment of various policies with component of climate change. This has led to incoherenceinpolicyframeworkonclimate. • Theinstitutionschargedwithresponsibilitiesofdevelopinginnovativesystems learning institution, government institutions NGOs and private industry are notadequatelyequippedtodevelopmoreadvancedtechnologiesthathelp addressingeffectsofclimatechange 32 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 • Thegovernmenthighlydependonexternaldonorstosupportresearchand developmentleadinginadequatecommitmentonthepartofthegovernment toallocateadequateresourcestodealwiththerisingeffectsofclimatechange • A numberof the interventions have been implemented at the national and countylevelbythesmallholderfarmers;howevertheassessmentestablished thatthesearenotasdeliberateclimatechangeadaptationand/ormitigation strategybutasnormalroutinelivelihoodinitiatives. • Mostoftheimplementationundertakenareonsmallscaleorpilotbasisthat maynotgivethetargetedeffectandresults • The replication of institutional mandates undermining the comprehensive managementandcoordinationofclimatechangeactivitiesinthecountry; • WhereasithasbeennotedthatVision2030isKenya’ssocio-econo-political blueprint,itlacksanenvironmentalpillar 7.2 Tanzania The assessment has established that Tanzania has made effort in prioritizing agricultureandclimatechangeinherdevelopmentintervention,itisimportantto takeappreciationthefactthatcoordinationandgovernanceofthesameremain spreadacrossdifferentgovernmentMinistriesandotherplayersasishighlighted below: 7.2.1 PolicyFramework NationalAdaptationProgrammeofAction(NAPA):Theobjectiveoftheproposed NAPAprojectforTanzaniaistodevelopacountry-wideprogrammeofimmediate and urgent project-based adaptation activities that address the current and anticipatedadverseeffectsofclimatechange,includingextremeevents.Increase irrigationbyusingappropriatewaterefficienttechnologiestoboostcrop. The literature reviewed regarding NAADS program indicated that NAADS has createdpositiveresultsontheavailabilityandqualityofadvisoryservicesprovided to farmers, promoting the adoption of new crop and livestock enterprises, and improving the adoption of modern agricultural production technologies and 33 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 practices. NAADSalsohaspromotedgreateruseofpost-harvesttechnologiesandcommercial marketing of commodities. NAADS programme is providing 650,000 farmers countrywidewithfoodsecurityrelatedtechnologiesformultiplicationaswellas forensuringhouseholdfoodsecurityandisplanningtoincreaseit10fold(MAAIF, 2010). Keyprojectsinclude; • Alternativefarmingsystemsandrelocationofwatersourcesincludingwells alongthelowlyingcoastalareas • Developwaterharvestingandstorageprogramsforruralcommunities particularlythoseindrylands • Communitybasedcatchmentsconservationandmanagementprograms • Exploreandinvestinalternativecleanenergysourcese.g.Wind,Solar,bio- diesel,etc. • Promotionofapplicationofcogenerationintheindustrysector • Afforestationprogrammesindegradedlandsusingmoreadaptiveandfast growingtreespecies • Developcommunityforestfirepreventionplansandprogrammes • EstablishingandStrengtheningcommunityawarenessprogrammeson preventablemajorhealthhazards National Environmental policy 1997: The policy seeks to ensure sustainability, security and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the presentandfuturegenerationswithoutdegradingtheenvironmentorrisking health or safety. This will enhance the condition and productivity of degraded areasincludingruralandurbansettlementsinorderthatallTanzaniansmay liveinsafe,healthful,productiveandaestheticallypleasingsurroundings. National water policy 2002: The objective of the policy for Water Resources Managementistodevelopacomprehensiveframeworkforpromotingtheoptimal, sustainableandequitabledevelopmentanduseofwaterresourcesforthebenefit ofallTanzanians. National Irrigation Policy of 2010: It establishes the Irrigation Commission, a national body with the mandate to coordinate, promote and regulate irrigation activitiesacrossthecountry.Thepolicyalsopavesthewayfortheformationofan 34 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 IrrigationDevelopmentFundtohelpirrigationschemes. National Livestock Policy, 2006: In 2006, the Government formulated a policy for livestock development. This was a result of the recognition of contribution of the livestock sector to the national socio-economic development. To ensure sustainablelivestockproduction,thelivestockpolicyoutlinesthefollowingpolicy statements,whichareto: • Strengthentechnicalsupportservicesonenvironmentalissues. • Promoteproperlanduseplanningforlivestockproduction. • Strengtheninter-sectoralcoordinationonenvironmentalissues. FisheriesSectorPolicyandStrategyStatement,1997:TheNationalFisheriessector policy and strategy statement was adopted in December 1997. The statement focuses on the promotion of sustainable exploitation, utilization and marketing to provide food, income, employment foreign exchange earnings and effective protectionofaquaticenvironmenttosustaindevelopment.Theoverallgoalofthe NationalFisheriesPolicyistopromoteconservation,developmentandsustainable management of the Fisheries Resources for the benefit of present and future generations. 7.2.2 InstitutionalFramework The Government has been implementing a number of policy initiatives and strategies including the Development Vision 2025 and the National Strategy for GrowthandReductionofPoverty(NSGRP).Thecountryisalsoimplementingthe resolutions of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Millennium DevelopmentGoals(MDGs);theUnitedNationsConventions;GlobalandRegional agreements;andnationalpolicies,legislations,programmes,plansandstrategies. The review established that the National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) and National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) guide the coordinationandimplementationoftheNationalClimateChangeStrategy. The NCCTCprovide technical adviceto the National ClimateChangeFocal Point (NCCFP), while the NCCSC provide policy guidance and ensure coordination of actionsaswellascrosssectoralparticipation.(TanzaniaNationalClimateChange Strategy2012) 35 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 7.2.3 SampleprojectaddressingvariousprovisionsinTanzania Theliteraturereviewedandinterviewswithvariousactorshighlightedsomeofthe projectsbeingimplementedinthiscontextinclude;theAgriculturalTechnologies andAdvisoryServices(ATAS)project; SustainableLandManagementinthe“cattlecorridor”;COMESAfundedNational Climate Resilient Conservation Agriculture Programme; National Livestock ProductivityImprovementProject;andtheFarmIncomeEnhancementandForest ConservationProject,tomentionbutafew. The literature reviewed regarding NAADS program indicated that NAADS has createdpositiveresultsontheavailabilityandqualityofadvisoryservicesprovided to farmers, promoting the adoption of new crop and livestock enterprises, and improving the adoption of modern agricultural production technologies and practices. NAADSalsohaspromotedgreateruseofpost-harvesttechnologiesandcommercial marketing of commodities. NAADS programme is providing 650,000 farmers countrywidewithfoodsecurityrelatedtechnologiesformultiplicationaswellas forensuringhouseholdfoodsecurityandisplanningtoincreaseit10fold(MAAIF, 2010). WaterEfficientMaizeforAfrica(WEMA) TanzaniaisoneofthefivenationsimplementingWaterEfficientMaizeforAfrica (WEMA)project.WEMAisstrategicallydesignedtomitigateproductionconstraints associated with drought. It is a public-private partnership project formed in 2008andcoordinatedbytheAfricanAgriculturalTechnologyFoundation(AATF). The partnershipis funded by theBill and Melinda Gates and Howard G. Buffett Foundations.Thegoaloftheprojectisdevelopmentanddeploymentofroyaltyfreedrought-tolerantmaizevarietiesusingacombinationofconventionalbreeding, marker-assistedbreedingandbiotechnologytechniquesandapplications Irrigation USAID-TAPPisafive-yearprogramsupportedbytheAmericanpeoplethroughthe UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID). 36 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 The program is increasing smallholder incomes, improving nutrition, and expandingmarketsthroughagriculturalinnovationandcommercialization.USAIDTAPPdevelopsclustersofcommercialfarms,smallholders,andagribusinessesin areaswithhighagriculturalpotentialtheprojectistargetingfreshandprocessed fruit,vegetables,flowers,andspicesin:Arusha,Kilimanjaro,Lushoto,Morogoro, theCoastalStrip,andZanzibar.Inadditiontothesesixtargetzones,theprogram workswithpartnersandtheGovernmentofTanzaniaintheSAGCOTregionsof Iringa,Mbeya,andNjombe. Planting tomatoes in a green house in Radrieda Siaya Kenya. Photo UCSD TheSouthernAgriculturalGrowthCorridorofTanzania TheSouthernAgriculturalGrowthCorridorofTanzania(SAGCOT)isaninclusive, multi-stakeholderpartnershiptorapidlydeveloptheregion’sagriculturalpotential. SAGCOTwasinitiatedattheWorldEconomicForum(WEF)Africasummit2010with thesupportoffoundingpartnersincludingfarmers,agri-business,theGovernment ofTanzaniaandcompaniesfromacrosstheprivatesector. 37 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Cultivating paddy rice in Musoma Bariki Sisters’ dam, Tanzania. Photo UCSD TheMICCApilotprojectintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania This combines conservation agriculture with agroforestry. The goal is to reduce pressure on forests, decrease deforestation and improve livelihoods. The expansion of agriculture on forest and sloping land is prevalent in the project area. In the United Republic of Tanzania’s Uluguru Mountains, the MICCA pilot project is being carried out within CARE International’s hillside conservation agriculture project (HICAP), in which soil conservation and zero tillage practices areintegratedintosmallholders’farmmanagement.HICAP’sactivitiesarebeing carriedoutoveranareaof17000haandinvolve4948households.TheHICAPMICCApilotprojectcontributestoincreasingtheuseofconservationagriculture practicesandcombiningthesepracticeswithagroforestry.TheWorldAgroforestry Center(ICRAF)iscollaboratingcloselyonthisproject.(More:http://www.fao.org/ climatechange/micca/81243/en/) ACORDTanzaniaInterventiontoincreaseSmallholderfarmers’productivityand resiliencetoclimatechange. The interview with the Programme Manager ACORD highlighted the following interventions contributing to reduction of poverty and promoting sustainable developmentinhistoricallymarginalizedareasofNorthWesternTanzania. 38 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Livelihoods and Governance: ACORD Tanzania is strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations to develop strategic linkages with local government and promoting people’s access to natural resources that are critical for their livelihoods and local development. Food security dialogues through forums on Kilimo Kwanza, agro-fuels and climate change contributed to strengthening reciprocal accountability of governance structures. ACORD is also popularizing communityscorecardsinpromotingaccountabilityinbasicsocialservicedelivery and engaging communities with local governance structures on allocation and utilizationofpublicresources. Livelihoods: ACORD works with small agricultural producers in the strategic regionsofKageraandMwanzatoincreasetheirproductivityandresiliencetothe negativeimpactofclimatechange;addvaluetotheiragriculturalproducts;and access credit and market information increasing competitiveness in agricultural commodityvaluechains. Adaptation: ACORD is supporting pastoralist communities to develop disaster and risk reduction frameworks linking community level systems to district level structuresandpromotingmechanismsforawareness,skillsbuildingandinnovations tostrengthencommunitybasedcapacityforclimatechangeadaptation. 7.2.4Conclusion The assessment revealed that, a number of policies, legislations, programmes, strategiesandplansprovidingforthecontexttoimplementnationalobligations inrelationEACCCPareinplace.Variousactionplans,programmesandstrategies to address climate change issues have been prepared and being implemented. However their implementation is yet to realize major impact on Food security, nutritionandfisheries. Thecountryhasbeenimplementingshort-terminterventionsintermsofsafetynets programmeaimedatenablingvulnerablecommunitiestocopewithfoodinsecurity e.g.emergencyfooddistributionprogrammesaimedatsustaininglivelihoodsof vulnerablecommunitiestoaddressfoodshortagesandimplementingpost-harvest managementinitiativessuchasstorageandtradesupportingmechanismssuchas thewarehousereceiptsystem. 39 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 7.3 Uganda The assessment has established that Uganda has made effort in prioritizing environmentandclimatechangeinherdevelopmentintervention,itisimportant totakecognizanceofthefactthatcoordinationandgovernanceofthesameremain spread across different government Ministries and Agencies as is highlighted below; 7.3.1 PolicyFramework Environment and Natural Resources management (ENR) is governed under the NationalConstitution1995,article237(2)bwhichprovidesthat“theGovernment orLocalGovernmentasdeterminedbyparliamentbylawshallholdintrustforthe peopleandprotectnaturallakes,rivers,wetlands,groundwater,naturalstreams, forest reserves, game reserves, national parks and any other land reserves for ecologicalandtouristicpurposesforthecommongoodofthecitizensofUganda”. Other laws that govern the sustainable management of natural resources in UgandaincludetheLandActcap.227section44andsection45,LocalGovernment Act, Water Act, Forest and Tree planting Act of 2003, Wildlife Act, the National Environment Act, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation and National Environment(Wetlands,RiverbanksandLakeShore)Regulation2000,theNational WetlandPolicy1995andthedraftWetlandsResourcesManagementBill. National adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs): The review established that NAPA Uganda highlights Climate Related Hazards, Flooding (flash), Drought and low flows, Landslides. Main Human Vulnerabilities and Livelihood Impacts, Reducedagriculturalproduction,Watershortageand/orgroundwaterdepletion, increaseddiseaseand/orotherhealthproblems,Foodsecurity,Lossofforestarea orproductionandLossoflandordegradation.TheidentifiedpriorityAdaptation ProjectsinUganda’sNAPAare: • CommunityTreeGrowingProject • LandDegradationManagementProject • StrengtheningMeteorologicalServices • CommunityWaterandSanitationProject • WaterforProductionProject • DroughtAdaptationProject • Vectors,PestsandDiseaseControlProject 40 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 • IndigenousKnowledge • NaturalResourcesManagementProject • ClimateChangeandDevelopmentPlanningProject National Agriculture Policy: Promotes investment in the agricultural sector that willincreaseagriculturalincomes,reducepoverty,improvedhouseholdfood andnutritionsecurity,createemploymentandstimulateoveralleconomic growth.Therangeofinvestmentscutacrosstheentirecommodity value chain, fromproduction,throughprocessingtomarketing,withtheaimofeasing constraintsfacedbytheprivatesector. Draft National Land Policy 2011: The policy seeks to ensure efficient, equitable andsustainableutilizationandmanagementofUganda’slandandland-based resourcesforpovertyreduction,wealthcreationandoverallsocioeconomic development. TheUgandaFoodandNutritionPolicy2003:TheUgandaFoodandNutritionPolicy seektoeradicatepovertyasspeltoutinthePovertyEradiationActionPlan(PEAP). Theoverallobjectiveofthepolicyistopromotethenutritionalstatusofallthe people of Uganda through multi-sectoral and co-coordinated interventions that focusonfoodsecurity,improvednutritionandincreasedincomes. Development Strategy and Investment Programme (DSIP) 2010/11-2014/15: DSIPhasbeendevelopedasacoherentplantoconsolidateandharmonize all policy frameworks in the agricultural sector. It guides all stakeholders onthesetsectorprioritiesforthefiveyearsanddefinesspendingplans for each financial year under the Medium Term Expenditure Framework. TheNationalDevelopmentProgramme(NDP)recognizesagricultureasoneofthe keyproductivesectorsoftheeconomyanditisthebasisfortheexistenceofthe AgriculturalSectorDevelopmentStrategyandInvestmentPlan. NationalEnvironmentpolicy1994:Theoverallpolicygoalissustainablesocialand economicdevelopmentwhichmaintainsorenhancesenvironmentalqualityand resourceproductivityonalong-termbasisthatmeetstheneedsofthepresent generationswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheir ownneeds. 41 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Nationalwaterpolicy1995:Thispolicypromotesintegratedwaystomanagewater inawaythatitissustainableandmostbeneficialtothepeopleofUganda.The water policy takes economic, liberalization, privatization and decentralization reformsandrecognizesgoodquality. UgandaStrategicInvestmentFrameworkforSustainableLandManagement20102020:Thisoffersprogrammaticapproachestoaddresslanddegradationand promotesustainablelandmanagementandisalignedtoCAADPpillar1.The framework focuses on areas of the cattle corridor among others where land is degradedduetoovergrazing,climaticeffectsandhighpopulationdensity National Development Plan (NDP 2010-2014): This is a five-year strategic frameworkforeconomicdevelopment.Itrecognizesthat:(a)agricultureemploys mostofUganda’sruralpopulationandiswheremostlivelihoodsarevested, making it an important target for addressing poverty, food security and income generation,especiallyofthepoorandofwomen; and(b)agricultureisalsothebasisofgrowth,andthusastimulantforother sectorsi.e.,industryandservicesaswellasanimportantcontributortoUganda’s exports. Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan 2010 – 2035, and Draft National Irrigation Master Plan: Aimed at promoting the use of water in agricultural production through supporting farming system diversification, privateinvestmentinbulkwaterinfrastructureandservicedeliveryandmore. 7.3.2InstitutionalFramework ThereviewofthefinaloftheNationalClimateChangePolicyseekstoimprovethe currentinstitutionalarrangementswiththeobjectiveofsupportingthe‘integration of climate change issues into planning, decision making and investments in all sectorsandtrans-sectoralthemesthroughappropriateinstitutionalarrangements. Underthepolicy,GovernmentseekstoelevatethecurrentClimateChangeUnit toaClimateChangeDepartmentundertheMinistryofWaterandEnvironment. Thepolicyalsoidentifiesthreekeyinstitutionsthatarevestedwithacoordination function.ThesearetheMinistryofFinance,PlanningandEconomicDevelopment; the National Planning Authority (NPA); and the Ministry of Local Government (MoLG). 42 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 BesidestheClimateChangeDepartmentasthenationalfocalinstitutionandthese threecoordinatingagencies,itisenvisagedthatsectoragencieswillplayacentral roleintheimplementationofthepolicyandbeaccountablefortheimplementation oftheirprescribedpolicyactions,inpartthroughthedesignationofdepartmental focalpoints. 7.3.3SampleprojectaddressingvariousprovisionsinUganda NationalAgriculturalAdvisoryServices(NAADS) TheassessmentestablishedthatNAADSisoperatingin37districts.Inits4years ofexistence,NAADShasmademajorachievementsinempoweringlocalfarmers, inmarketorientationinagriculturalproductionandinproductivityimprovements. Empoweringfarmersthroughtraininginleadershipskills,businesstipsandbook keeping skills, post-harvest handling. New products like temperate fruits have beenpromotedandgrowntoexploitthenewroad-sidemarketopportunities. Horticultural produce ready for sale. Photo UCSD 43 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 It was noted that, students and lecturers at the Makerere University College of Engineering,Design,ArtandTechnologydesignedandmanufacturedalowcost waterpumptohelpfarmersreducethecostsofirrigation.TheLowcostirrigation projectisalsoengagedintestingthispumpandeducatingfarmersonthedifferent typesofirrigationletalonetheimportanceofit.Thepumpuses2horse-powers can deliver 100litres of water per minute up to a height of 20metres. It costs UShs500.000andcanbepurchasedatthecollege. Theprojecthastrainedabout500LocalGovernmentofficialsincludingNational AgriculturalAdvisoryServices(NAADS)staffandwaterofficialsonthemethodsof irrigation,andthebenefitsthereof. TheNationalAgriculturalResearchorganization(NARO) NAROhasparticipatedfullyinthePMAprocessthroughanumberofapproaches. NAROdevelopednewcropvarieties,whicharehighyielding,earlymaturing,and disease and pest resistance. In livestock, NARO has done research on disease diagnosisanddevelopmentofuser-friendlyvaccines. NARO has also developed labour engendered and user-friendly equipment for example maize shellers, sturdy shellers, planters and water management technologies.ThoughdiseaseisoneofthemajorresearchareasforbothKawanda and Namulonge Agricultural Research Stations, the banana wilt disease is still a significantchallengeespeciallyintheBanana/coffeebelt. Improvefisheriesinfrastructure The assessment revealed that the GovernmentofUgandahasmadeefforts toimprovethefacilitiesinvariouslanding sites.In2010,thefollowingconstruction of landing sites were carried out with 17 fish landing sites at Kalangala (2), Bugiri(1),Mayuge(3)Busia(1),Kampala (1), Mukono (1), Masaka (1), Rakai (1), Buyende (1), Buliisa (1), Amorlatar (1), Serere (1), and Nakasongola (1). Six of the landing sites on Lake Victoria were completed while the rest were rated at 80%completion.(AdoptedfromFisheries annualreport) 44 Source: The fisheries annual report 2010/2011 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Promotionoffishfarming Theliteraturerevealedthatdespitethelonghistoryoffishfarming,Ugandahas not developed beyond small subsistence scales, yet according to the National Development Plan (NDP) and the Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP), fish farming in the country presents immense opportunities for socioeconomicdevelopmentintermsoflivelihood,incomeandemployment. In order to deal with this problem NaFIRRI has come up with an Aquaculture ( fish farming) policy brief to demystify the new innovativepracticeofcage culture by outlining what the practice requires and how an average Ugandan fish farmer can take up profitable commercial fish farming. In comparison to the traditional earthen pond fish farming, cage fish farming is a new practice in Uganda. Unlike pond fish farming,cagefishculturereliesonartificialstructures(thecages)ofvarioussizes thataresuspendedinawaterbodysuchasalake,riverorreservoir. Cage farming. Source: The fisheries annual report2010/2011 ThroughUSAIDsupporttoNaFIRRI,researchfrompilotLowVolumeHighDensity cage culture studies demonstrated that the practice was environmentally and commercially viable in many water bodies of Uganda. In the policy briefs, recommendations have been made to introduce the use of small (2m X 2m X 2m)tomedium–sized(5mX5mX4.5m)cagesthatarewithinthemeansofan averageUgandancommercialfishfarmer. Highlightofprogrammeaddressingfoodsecurity • SupporttoQualityAssuranceandFishMarketingProjectongoingproject • ImprovedIntegratedProductionandPestManagementcompletedin 2013implementedcountrywide 45 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 • • • • AgriculturalMarketingandPromotionRegionalIntegration Project(AMPRIP)coveringtheCommonMarketforEastand SouthernAfrica(COMESA)Regioncompletedin2012 COMESARegionalAgroInputsProgramme(COMRAP)PROFILEUganda, completedin2012 CropDiseasesandPestsControlcompletedin2012implementedcountry wide DevelopmentofNationalEarlyWarningSystem(DEWScompletedin2011 implementedcountrywide 7.3.4Conclusion In conclusion, the assessment revealed that, the Ugandan, government has putinplaceaninstitutional,legalandpolicyframeworktomanagetheuseand governanceofthenaturalresourcesbase. It was noted that, the requirements under the various laws and regulations have created a demand for environmental services such as Environmental ImpactAssessment(EIA)andEnvironmentAudits(EA).Theseprocessesprovide opportunityformainstreamingenvironmentandimprovingresourceusewithan aimofimprovingfoodsecurityandnutrition Givenweakinstitutionalcapacityandprevalencecorruption,thereisanapparent riskthatbenefitsgainedintheareaoffoodsecurityandfisheriesmightbeaffected. 46 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 8.0 SuccessesandChallengesin implementingtheEACCCP 8.1 Success(Positivesteps) ThereviewestablishedthatthePartnerStateshavetakenmeasurestoimplement theprovisionwithintheEACCCP.Theyhavealsotakennumerousstepstoenhance regulatoryframeworkinlinewithEACCCPprovisionasindicatedbelow; • TanzaniaandUgandahavedevelopedtheirNationalAdaptationProgrammes ofAction(“NAPAs2007”)andareintheprocessofimplementingprovisions therein. There has however been a slow pace of implementation of these plansforvariousreasons. • Relevant policies, strategies, plans and institutional frameworks have been developed and or reformed to cater for the adaptation and mitigation on effectsofclimatechangeinKenya,UgandaandTanzania • TheEAC’sCouncilofMinistersadoptedtheProtocolonEnvironmentandNatural ResourcesManagement,formalizingtheMoU.ThepurposeoftheProtocolis topromotecooperationamongthePartnerStatesinthemanagementofthe environmentandnaturalresourceswithintheirjurisdiction. • In April 2011, the Ninth Extraordinary Summit adopted and approved the Declaration on Food Security and Climate Change, the EAC Climate Change Policy,andtheEACFoodSecurityActionPlan,2010-2015 8.2.1BestPractices CaseA: SCC–VI’sSustainableAgriculturalLandmanagement SwedishCooperativeCentre(SCC)–VIAgroforestryispromotinginterventionsthat promotesustainableagriculturallandmanagementpractices.Theprojectworks withfarmersintheKisumuandKitaleregionsofwesternKenya.Thefarmersare organizedincommoninterestgroups,primarylevelcooperatives,farmergroups and informal organizations. The adoption area is about 45,000 ha and involves about60,000registeredhouseholds.Theparticipatinghouseholdsaresmallholder farmerswhopracticemixedfarmingandownlessthanoneacre. FarmerswhointegratecropandtreesystemsthroughAgroforestrytendtomaintain highlevelsofsoilmoistureandorganicmatterandhenceareabletorealizehigher yieldsevenindrierperiods.Agroforestrysystemmaintainspermanentsoilcover, stabilizes soil structure, builds soil organic matter and enhances infiltration and moistureretention.Agroforestrysystemsareassociatedwithhighcropyields. Source: SCC-VI webpage 47 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 CaseA: WaterEfficientMaizeforAfrica(WEMA)Public–PrivatePartnership Drought tolerance has been recognized as one of the most important targets for crop improvement programs in East Africa. In 2008, Monsanto announced a public–private partnership called Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) to develop drought–tolerant maize varieties for Africa. WEMA aims to develop drought-tolerant African maize varieties using conventional breeding, markerassistedbreedingandbiotechnology.Duringmoderatedrought,thenewvarieties areexpectedtoincreaseyieldsby24–35%.ThepartnershipbringstogetherBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Howard G. Buffet Foundation, Monsanto, African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), the International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCenter(CIMMYT)andnationalagriculturalresearchsystems(NARS) ofeasternAfricaisimplementedinKenya,UgandaandTanzania. The varieties developed through the project is distributed to African seed companies through AATF without royalty and made available to smallholder farmers. Moreover, promising new traits and varieties, which are mostly still in development, can emerge from traditional breeding techniques that harness existingvarietieswellsuitedthelocalenvironmentaswellasfrommoreadvanced bio-technology techniques such as marker assisted selection and genetic modification. Source: http://wema.aatf-africa.org/about-wema-project 8.2Challenges Whilememberstateshaveshowngoodwill towardsimplementationofregional commitments,numerouschallengescontinuetoaffectthedomesticationprocess. Ingeneral,effectiveparticipationofmemberStatesinregionalintegrationactivities andprogrammeslargelydependsonthepoliticalcommitmentinembracingthe agreed decisions and protocols on regional integration. Some of the challenges hamperingimplementationofagricultureandfoodsecurityprovisionswithinthe EACCCPincludethefollowing: 8.2.1 Budgetallocationtoprogrammesofmainstreamingregionalprovisions Itisinevitablethatthecommitmentsundertakenbythememberstatescomewith acost.Governmentshavetocommitsomeresourcesiftheseactivitiesaretobe implemented. The results from the assessment reveal that the three countries donothaveadequateresourcestoaddressissueswithinthecommitments.(No 48 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 countryhasmanagedtoincreasethebudgetallocationtotheagriculturesector toaminimumof10%ofnationalbudgetsaspertheMaputoDeclarationdirecting themtopriorityprogrammesandprojectsforenhancingfoodsecurityandpoverty reduction.) 8.2.2 Illegal,UnreportedandUnregulated(IUU)fishing SmartFishReport(SF/2012/12)pointsoutthatthereisevidencethatMonitoring, ControlandSurveillance(MCS)compliancemissionsareeffectiveinlocatingand seizingofillegalgears,howeverfromtheassessmentit’sevidentthatdespitethe attempttoeradicateillegalfishinggearsandthetradeinillegalfish,MCSoperations havenotachievedthedesiredgoal. Fromtheexistingliteratures,itispossiblethatthequantityofillegalfishinggears used in Lake Victoria has been underestimated in the Frame survey reports or the rate at which the gears are replaced or recycled into the system has been underestimated. Burning illegal fishing gear during World Wetlands day 2014 in Mityana Uganda. Photo UCSD 49 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 8.2.3 CorruptionandEconomicMismanagement Over the years, East African countries have consistently ranked among the continent’s “corruption heavyweights.”8 Corruption, which has been deeply embeddedinallaspectsofthesub-region’spubliclife,hasprofoundlyplaguedthe sub-region’ssocio-economicandpoliticallife,andhasnotsparedclimatechange adaptationandmitigationprograms.Aspublicfunds(includingthosefromglobal climatefinancingmechanisms)arecontinuallyembezzled,corruptionhasproved tobeaseriousthreattoclimategovernanceinthesub-region. 8.2.4 LimitedInstitutionalandTechnicalCapacity A critical review of the EAC Partner States reveals that there is a glaring gap in institutionalandtechnicalcapacitiestoimplementclimatechangeprogramsand projects. The lack of adequate financial and material capacities to implement climatechangeadaptationandmitigationactionshighlightsthechallengesfaced bytheEACPartnerStates.Asaresult,thesub-regiondependsheavilyonexternal fundingtodriveitsclimatechangeagenda.Thelackofinstitutionalandtechnical capacitieshasbeenexacerbatedbythegenerallackofawarenessofclimatechange in national development decisions, a fact largely attributable to stakeholder’s limitedexposuretokeyinformation.Thus,climatechangeissuesareyettobefully integratedintonationalpoliciesandstrategies9 . 8 See Transparency Int’l, Global Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 (2011). See also, Transparency Int’l – Kenya, The East African Briber Index 2011 1 (2011) (indicating the Bribery Indices (BIs) in Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Burundi as standing at 5.1%, 28.8%, 31.6%, 33.9% and 37.9%, respectively) 9 See, e.g., FIAN, Land Grabbing in Kenya and Mozambique (2010); see also Jeanette Schade, Center on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Human rights, climate change, and climate policies in Kenya: How climate variability and agrofuel expansion impact on the enjoyment of human rights in the Tana Delta (2011), http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/tdrc/ag_comcad/ downloads/final_ study_ifa.pdf 50 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 9.0 RecommendationsandAvailableoptions This section highlights recommendations and available options on how poor communitiesintheLVBinUgandaTanzaniaandKenyacanbesupportedtocope with the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture, nutrition and food security at the local, national and regional level. Focus on short-term, mediumtermandlong-terminterventions. 9.1PartnerStates(Nationallevel) Short-term Medium-term Long-term Needtoestablish functionalinterfaces structureatnationallevel tocoordinateClimate changeactivitiesand programmesandenhance institutionalcapacity tomonitorclimate change,towarnand reportonthreatsfrom climatechange,andto linkclimatechangeand disasterriskreduction. Needtomoderate excessivefoodprice fluctuationsbysharing countryinformationon productionforecastsand stocks,strengthening marketdatabases, promotingopenand responsivetradesystems Needforsubstantive investmentin infrastructuresuchas dams,flood-resistant storagefacilities,and techniquesforreducing waterlossindistribution systemsetc. Develop/improve channelsof communicationand informationsharing amongvariousactors includingcommunities, CSO,learninginstitutions etc Moreemphasisinaligning EACCCPprovisionson agriculture,foodsecurity, fisheriesandnutrition totheprioritiesofthe nationaldevelopment plans Supportprogrammes thatlimitglobalwarming, includingthepromotion ofclimate-friendly agriculturalproduction systemsandland-use policiesatascaletohelp mitigateclimatechange 51 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Short-term Medium-term Establishemergencyfood reservesandfinancingto ensurerapidhumanitarian responsestovulnerable populationsthreatenedby foodcrises. Membercountries takeappropriate stepstoupholding thefundamental principlesthatgovern theachievementof theobjectivesofthe Communityasenshrined inArticle6oftheTreaty fortheEstablishment oftheEastAfrican Community(Treaty), whichemphasizesthe significanceofgood governance,including adherencetotherule oflaw,accountability, transparency,respect forhumanrights,gender equalityandequal opportunities. Budgetprocesses shouldincludeEACCCP provisionsinthe preparatoryandplanning stagesandensuringthe implementationofat least10%foragriculture production Needtoenhancethe livelihoodsofsmall resource-poorfarmers, throughacombinationof agriculturaltechnologies andsupportservices/ extensionservices, accesstomarketsand credit,alongwithrural enterprisesandagro processing Develop,facilitateand rewardmulti-benefit farmingsystemsthat enablemoreproductive andresilientlivelihoods withemphasisonclosing yieldgapsandimproving nutrition. Needtoenhanceclimatemonitoringeffortsand communicationofinformation:essentialtoconvince farmersthatclimatechangesprojectionsarerealand requireresponseactions.Informationservicesshould includesurveillanceofpests,diseasesandother factorsofimportancetoproductionsystems. 52 Long-term Needtoadjust nationalresearchand developmentbudgets, andbuildintegrated scientificcapacity,to reflectthesignificanceof sustainableagriculture ineconomicgrowth, povertyreductionand long-termenvironmental sustainability,andfocus onkeyfoodsecurityissues (forexample,developing nutritiousnon-graincrops andreducingpost-harvest losses). Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 9.2 CivilSocietyOrganizationsandCommunities Short-term Medium-term Needtorecognizeand supportindigenous knowledgeandpractices whichmayofferinsightin buildingresilienceinthe community Needtosupportclimateproofagriculture (through,e.g.,investment inconservationagriculture andappropriaterainwater harvestingtechnologies); Diversifyingincome throughtheintegrationof activitiessuchaslivestock raising,fishproduction inricepaddiesandother non-farmactivities Promotepositivechanges inthevarietyand quantityofdietsthrough innovativeeducation campaigns,promoting multiplenutrientfoods/ cropstoensurepromotion ofbalanceddietsatthe locallevelaswellasscale upnutritionaleducation forthevulnerableand poorcommunities Civilsocietyshould advocate mitigationprocess suchasusingtheCDM, energyefficiency, renewableenergy,and adaptationactivities suchasinfrastructure developmentsand mainstreamingclimate change Long-term Farmersneedtodiversify theirsourcesofincome bypracticingmore short-cyclelivestockand productfarming.Thiswill requirehigherstandards ofeducationandmore skillstrainingaswellas bettertransportand communications,along witheasieraccessto marketsandfinancial services.Governments canalsohelpbyremoving anylegalorbureaucratic barrierstonew businesses. Adoptingcropvarietiesandlivestockspeciesfor increasedresistancetoheatshockanddrought, floodingandsalinization;alteringfertilizerratesto maintaingrainorfruitquality;alteringamountsand timingofirrigationandotherwatermanagement; alteringthetimingorlocationofcroppingactivities. 53 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Short-term Needtopromotemixed croppingasinsurance againsttotalcropfailure androtationalcropping thatallowsforthe rejuvenationofsoils sustainingproduction Medium-term Long-term Matchinglivestock stockingrateswith pastureproduction, alteredpasturerotation, modificationofgrazing times,alterationofforage andanimalspecies/ breeds,integrationwithin livestock/cropsystems includingtheuseof adaptedforagecrops, re-assessingfertilizer applicationsandtheuse ofsupplementaryfeeds andconcentrates BuildingcapacityofBMUstomonitorandenforcefisheriesregulations 9.3 PrivatesectorandDevelopmentPartners Short-term Medium-term Shouldworktowards harmonizingapproaches forassessingand integratingclimate changeintheprojects andprogrammesthey support. Reinforcethetechnical capacityoflocal organizationsand governmentinstitutions workinginthefieldon issuesofclimatechange Theneedtopromote mitigationactivitiesin developingcountries, andrecognizingthatthe bestwaytoadaptinthe futureistominimizethe impacts. ThePrivatesectorneed toestablishfinanceand insuranceinstrumentfor agricultureespeciallyfor smallholderfarmers 54 Long-term Reinforcethetechnical capacityoflocal organizationsand governmentinstitutions workinginthefieldon issuesofclimatechange Inadditiontotraditional mechanismssuchassoft loanorgrant-funded projectsandsector programmes,thiswill requirealonger-term commitmentonthe partofdonorsaswell asinnovativefunding mechanismsallowing greaterresponsivenessto local-levelinitiatives Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Short-term Medium-term Developfundsthat respondtoclimate shocksthatproviderapid reliefwhenextreme weathereventsaffect communities. Long-term Financeimmediate actionstodrivechange inagriculturalproduction systemstowards increasingresilienceto weathervariabilityand shocks,whilecontributing tomitigatingclimate change.Thisincludes supportingnational climateriskassessments. 9.4 Regionallevel(RelevantEACInstitutionsliketheEAC secretariat,LVBCandLVFO) Short-term Needtodevelop regionallyspecificdata sharingmechanisms. SharingdataonIUU regionallythrougha regionalblacklist,name andshamelistwouldbe moreeffective. Medium-term Ensureestablishment ofworkprogrammeson mitigationand adaptationinagriculture inaccordancewiththe provisionsoftheUnited NationsFramework ConventiononClimate Change(UNFCCC),based onArticle2,asafirststep toinclusionofagriculture inthemainstreamof climateChangepolicy. Long-term Developcommon platformsatregionallevel forcoherentdialogue andpolicyactionrelated toclimatechange, agricultureandfood security. PromotetheuseofappropriateICTtoolstoaidinMonitoring,Controland SurveillancethroughPublicPrivatePartnerships Developmentofkeyindicatorstoassistinthemonitoringofimplementation EACCCPbyEALA,CSOs,otheractors Enhanceinstitutionalcapacitytomonitorclimatechange,towarnandreporton threatsfromclimatechange,andtolinkclimatechangeanddisasterriskreduction; 55 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 10.0 References 1. ASARECA(AssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEasternand Central Africa). 2008. “Establishment of Regional Centers of Excellence in AgriculturalResearchinEasternAfrica:EastAfricanAgriculturalProductivity Programme (EAAPP).” Proceedings of a workshop held at Imperial Resort BeachHotel,Entebbe,Uganda,November18–21. 2. Boesen, J, Kikula, I S and Maganga, F P. Sustainable agriculture in semi-arid Tanzania.DaresSalaam:DaresSalaamUniversityPress,1999. 3. D North, Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. North provides extensive understandingofdifferenttypesofinstitutions,andalsobothoperationaland workingdefinitionsoftheterm. 4. EACAgricultureandruraldevelopmentpolicy2006 5. EACAgricultureandruraldevelopmentstrategy 6. EACFoodsecurityActionPlan2010-2015 7. EASusWatchNetwork(2013). LakeVictoria ClimateChangeReadinessBrief No.2 8. EastAfricanCommunityDevelopmentStrategy(2011-2016) 9. EastAfricanProtocolonEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesManagement 10. EastAfricanCommunity–Environment:http://www.eac.int/environment/ 11. ECA (2012) Progress towards Sustainable Development in Africa - Summary Report http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/Progress%20 towards%20Sustainable%20Development%20in%20Africa%20Summary%20 Report.pdfaccessedJanuary31,2014 12. EAC(EastAfricanCommunity).2011.EastAfricanCommunityGazette,vol.AT 1,no.11,Arusha,August12. 13. Economist. 2010. “Briefing: Adapting to Climate Change.” The Economist, November27.Fan,S.,M.Torero,andD.Headey.2011.UrgentActionsNeeded toPreventRecurringFoodCrises. 56 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 14. E O Odada, D O Olago, K Kulindwa, M Ntiba and S Wandiga, Mitigation of environmentalproblemsinLakeVictoria,EastAfrica:causalchainandpolicy optionsanalyses,Ambio33(2004),(1–2). 15. EcosystemAssessment.2005.EcosystemsandHumanWell-being:Synthesis. Washington,DC:IslandPress.www.maweb.org/en/Global.aspx. 16. FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations).2010.FAOSTAT DatabaseonAgriculture.Rome. 17. FAO(2014)InternationalYearofFamilyFarming(IYFF):http://www.fao.org/ family-farming-2014/en/accessedJanuary31,2014 18. G O Krhoda, The hydrology of the Mara River: preliminary phase; project developmentandstakeholdersanalysis,WWF–EastAfricaregionalprogramme office,Nairobi,2001. 19. Hepworth,N.andGoulden,M.,2008,ClimateChangeinUganda:Understanding the implicationsandappraisingtheresponse,LTSInternational,Edinburgh 20. IFPRI (2013) East African Agriculture and Climate Change: http://www.ifpri. org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-0 accessed January30,2014 21. IFPRI Policy Brief 16. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Karugia,J.,J.Wanjiku,M.Waithaka,andS.Babu.2011.“Persistence of High Food Prices in Eastern Africa: What Role for Policy?” Unpublished paper. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, and Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa,Kampala,Uganda. 22. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute), World Bank, and CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). 2004. Global Rural–Urban MappingProject(GRUMP),AlphaVersion:PopulationDensityGrids.Palisades, NY, US: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University. Accessed October 18, 2005. at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ gpw. 57 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 23. IPCCetal.2007.Climatechange2007:Impacts,adaptationandvulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress. 24. IPCC,Climatechange1995:economicandsocialdimensionofclimatechange, Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC,CambridgeandNewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1996. 25. IPCC,Climatechange2001:synthesisreport,AContributionofWorkingGroups I,II,andIIItotheThirdAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChange,CambridgeandNewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001. 26. IPCC,Climatechange2001. 27. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change 2001: synthesisreport. 28. AContributionofWorkingGroupsI,II,andIIItotheThirdAssessmentReport 29. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York, CambridgeUniversityPress,2001.. 30. K D Frederick, Adapting to climate impacts on the supply and demand for water,ClimateChange,(1997),37,141–156 31. Maganga,FPandJuma,IH.Fromcustomarytostatutorysystems:changes in land and water management in irrigated areas of Tanzania – a study of local resource management in Usangu plains. Research report submitted to ENRECA,2000. 32. Maganga,F.Theinterplaybetweenformalandinformalsystemsofmanaging resourceconflicts:someevidencefromsouthernTanzania.EuropeanJournal ofDevelopmentResearch14(2)(2002). 33. MinistryofWaterandLivestockDevelopment,NationalWaterPolicy,Dares Salaam,2002. 34. MLeachandRMearns,Environmentalchangeandpolicy:challengingreceived wisdom in Africa, in Melissa Leach and Robin Mearns (eds), The lie of the 58 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 land:challengingreceivedwisdomontheAfricanenvironment,London:The InternationalAfricanInstitute,1996,1–3. 35. Nzuma, J., M. Waithaka, R. Mulwa, M. Kyotalimye, and G. Nelson. 2010. StrategiesofAdaptingtoClimateChangeinRuralSub-SaharanAfrica:AReview ofDataSources,PovertyReductionStrategyProgrammes(PRSPs)andNational AdaptationPlansforAgriculture(NAPAs)inASARECAMemberCountries.IFPRI Discussion Paper 01013. Environment and Production Technology Division. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Omamo, S. W., X. Diao, S. Wood, J. Chamberlain, L. You, S. Benin, U. Wood-Sichra, and A. Tatwangire, A. 2006. Strategic Priorities for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Central Africa. IFPRI Report 150. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. www.ifpri.org/pubs/ABSTRACT/rr150.asp#dl. Yugoslavia,MaraRegion:RegionalCommissioner’sOffice,1976. 36. NationalAgriculturalPolicy,MinistryofAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment, DaresSalaam,1997. 37. National Land Policy, Ministry of Land and Housing Development, Dar es Salaam,1995. 38. National Forestry Policy, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam,1998. 39. National Environmental Policy, Vice President Office, Dar es Salaam, 1997. (1998),43-66. 40. Nelson,G.C.,M.W.Rosegrant,A.Palazzo,I.Gray,C.Ingersoll,R.Robertson,S. Tokgoz,etal. 41. 2010.FoodSecurity,Farming,andClimateChangeto2050:Scenarios,Results, PolicyOptions.Washington,DC:InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute. 42. Odgaad(1999)quotedinMaganga,2002,64,notedfouraspectsofcustomary laws:1.Customarylawsasinterpretedinthecourtsoflaw(theprincipleof precedents); 2. Indigenous Climate change and informal institutions in the Lake Victoria Basin Monograph 167 customary laws; 3. Customary laws as interpretedbytraditionalauthorities;and4.Customarylivinglawasapplied bypeopleineverydaylife. 59 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 43. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/country-profiles accessed January 31, 2014 44. TheEastAfricanClimateChangePolicy(2011) 45. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme of NEPAD: http://www.nepad-caadp.net/library.phpaccessedJanuary31,2014 46. UN (2013). The Zero hunger challenge: http://www.un.org/en/zerohunger/ challenge.shtmlaccessedJanuary31,2014 47. UNECA et. al (2013). MDG Report 2013 (Food security in Africa: Issues, challenges and lessons): http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/ Documents/Publications/MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsMDGs Report2013. pdfaccessedJanuary31,2014 48. URT(2008).StateoftheEnvironmentReport2008.VicePresident’sOffice, DivisionofEnvironment,Daressalaam. 49. United Republic of Tanzania - URT (2009a). Climate change and agriculture policybrief.VicePresident’sOffice,DivisionofEnvironment,DaresSalaam 50. United Republic of Tanzania - URT (2008a). Economic Survey, 2007. The MinistryofFinanceandEconomicAffairs,DaresSalaam 51. UnitedRepublicofTanzania.EnvironmentalManagementActNo.20of2004. DaresSalaam,2004. 52. United Republic of Tanzania. Institutional and Legal Framework for EnvironmentalManagementinTanzania.AReportPreparedforInstitutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management Project (ILEMP) by Lawyer’sEnvironmentalActionTeam(LEAT),DaresSalaam,1999. 53. Verschuren,D,Johnson,TC,Kling,HJ,Edgington,DN,Leavitt,PR,Brown,E T,Talbot,MR,andHecky,RE.HistoryandtimingofhumanimpactonLake Victoria,EastAfrica.London:2002. 60 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 11.0 List of Respondents Uganda Name Josephine Akia Luyimbazi Promise Winnie Ramathan Kalanzi Waiswa Samwel Okia Patrick Godfrey Monor Organization Email [email protected] PELUM [email protected] FOWODE Jinja Fish Famers Association [email protected] Jinja Fish Famers Association [email protected] Jinja Fish Famers Association LVFO – Regional Office Njija [email protected] Executive Secretary Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo (PhD) NaFIRRI [email protected] Carol Namagembe Programme Associate CSBAG [email protected] Richard Kimbowa Ken Oluoch Emilly Arayo David Mwayafu EA Suswatch EA Suswatch EA Suswatch UCSD [email protected] [email protected] Name Organization Email Rodrick Kundu Anne Okello Norbert Nyandire George Ongala Wangu Mutua Dr. William Ojuang Leornad Akwany Victor Ndiege [email protected] OSIENALA LVEMP II Regional Office LVEMP II Kenya [email protected] [email protected] OSIENALA Suswatch Kenya [email protected] [email protected] KESREF [email protected] Vi Agroforestry [email protected] KMFRI [email protected] Wetland International Green Forest Initiative [email protected] Peter Aduda Caroline Oluoch ChildFund International Ecofinder Kenya [email protected] Kenya Moses Oyier Raymond Mngondo [email protected] 61 Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 Tanzania Name Organization Juvenal Matagili FUO LVEMP II ACORD LVEMP II Simon Msemwa Lokola Ndibalena Omari Myanza Brian Otiende Dr. Musombi Mahunya Elineus Halule John Maziku Shimo Damas Nderumaki Edina Ernest fi[email protected] [email protected] Lokola.ndibalena@acordinternational,org [email protected] EAC Climate Change Unit [email protected]/otie [email protected] Focus Tanzania Takwa health Takwa health TCSD FUO [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] at the [email protected] Report Name Organization David Mwayafu Nobert Ochieng' Nyandire UCSD SusWatch Kenya Ken Oluoch Rebecca Kwagala EA Sus Watch UCSD EA SusWatch Network TCSD RUDMEC Jinja Fish Famers Association Richard Kimbowa Damas Nderumaki Sarah Kisolo Ramathan Okia Racheal Nalule Patience Muramuzi Emily Arayo Hesbone Ouma Jemimah Owande 62 Email UCSD UCSD Board Member EA Sus Watch Welread Initiative Welread Initiative Kampala. Email [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 63 About the East African Sustainability Watch Network The East African Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) is a network of CSOs from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania constituted by the Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD) EA SusWatch Network is currently implementing the LVEMP II Civil Society Watch Project that seeks to lobby and advocate for realization of results-based performance from the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP II) and implementation of the East African Climate Change Policy (EACCCP). This Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 on agriculture and food security is in series (previous ones focused on rural energy supply, water supply and sanitation). These Briefs aim to influence the operationalization of East African Community Climatic Change Policy (EACCCP) provisions by LVEMP II, LVBC, LVFO and other regional institutions and interventions. CONTACT INFORMATION: Uganda National Focal Point and Regional Lead Agency The Regional Coordinator - LVEMP II Civil Society Watch Project of the East African Sustainability Watch Network (C/o UCSD) Nsambya – Kabalagala (Gaba Road) P. O. Box 27551 Kampala (Uganda) Tel: +256 414 269461, Email: [email protected], Website: www.easuswatch.org
