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Transcript
Cognitive Operations • What does the brain actually do? • Some possible answers: – “The mind” – Information processing… – Transforms of mental representations – Execution of mental representations of actions First Principles • “cognitive operations are processes that generate, elaborate upon, or manipulate representations” – As patterns of activity in one or more neurons – We often lack conscious access to these representations – Neuroscientists still know very little about how information is represented in the brain Mental Representations • Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms – Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels How might a neuron “represent” the presence of this line? Mental Representations • Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms – Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels Mental Representations • Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms – texture defined boundaries are representations arrived at by synthesizing the local texture features Mental Representations • Mental representations can be “embellished” - Kaniza Triangle is represented in a way that is quite different from the actual stimulus -the representation is embellished and extended Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Rubin Vase, Necker Cube are examples of mental representations that are dynamic Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process Mentally rotate the images to determine whether they are identical or mirror-reversed SAME MIRROR-REVERSED Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed – Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process – The time it takes to respond is linearly determined by the number of degrees one has to rotate – Somehow the brain must perform a set of operations on these representations - where? how? Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations – Posner letter matching task – Are these letters from the same category (vowels or consonants) or are they different? Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations – Posner letter matching task – Are these letters from the same category (vowels or consonants) or are they different? – Are they physically the same or are they the same in an abstract way - they are in the same category? A A A a SAME A U S C A S DIFFERENT Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations – Posner letter matching task – Participants are fastest when the response doesn’t require transforming the representation from a direct manifestation of the stimulus into something more abstract Mental Representations • Mental Representations can be representations of actions – response selection and response inhibition – when one of several responses is required, each response is pre-programmed and the appropriate one is selected – In Go/No-Go tasks when the same response is made repeatedly on Go trials its representation is difficult to override on No-Go trials Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour RED Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour BLUE Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour RED Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour BLUE Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN Mental Representations • Mental Representations can interfere – Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour – The mental representation of the colour and the representation of the text are incongruent and interfere – one representation must be selected and the other suppressed – This is one conceptualization of attention Mental Representations • These are some examples of how a cognitive psychologist might investigate mental representations • The cognitive neuroscientists asks: – where are these representations formed? – What is the neural mechanism? What is the code for a representation? – What is the neural process by which representations are transformed? First Principles • What are some ways that information might be represented by neurons? First Principles • What are some ways that information might be represented by neurons? – Magnitude might be represented by firing rate – Presence or absence of a feature or piece of information might be represented by whether certain neurons are active or not – the “labeled line” theory – Conjunctions of features might be represented by coordinated activity between two such labeled lines – But these are just brainstorming suggestions…little is known about how information, especially complex representations and representations in memory are actually encoded Read this article!
