Download PowerPoint - Urbanization and Global Environmental Change

2nd International UGEC Conference
Urban Transition & Transformation
Science, Synthesis & Policy
Taipei, Nov. 6-8, 2014
Urban Climate Governance in Taiwan
Sue-Ching Jou
Department of Geography
National Taiwan University
[email protected]
Key questions for the panel
• What needs for good urban governance?
• How to enhance urban institutional capacities to
support good urban governance in climate
change?
– Institutional approach: its strength and inadequacy
• Reflection and implications from Taiwan
experiences
– to raise the questions for further discussion and
interaction
Why Taiwan?
• Experiences located at the middle ground/ in between
developed and developing countries
– Intensive global exposure and good global reach (ex:
international conference as platform of networking and
policy transfer and learning): good at introducing and
transplanting new idea/concept (policy travel)
– Institutional ossification: need to find way toward building
institutional culture of innovation
– Contexts: political (neoliberal-developmental state)/
economic and spatial (post-industrial city)/ demographic
and social (aging society)/ environmental (hazard-prone
island) …
Climate Change
Condition & Impact
Human activities
Extreme weather
Perception & knowledge
Science
Institution
Network
GHGs
Heat island
Natural hazard
Mitigation
Energy
Transportation
Building
Sector
management
IPCC
UNFCC
ICLEI
Adaptation
Urban systemcity’s
Policy
Strategy
Initiative/ Program
Measure
Built environment
Flood control
Water environment
Integrative
governance
Urban
Governance
State
Central gov’t
Operation of governance system
Decision making
Planning & implementation
Management & Maintenance
Market
Private sector
Mode of governance &
Role of municipal government
Self-governing
Enabling
Provision
Authority
State
Municipal gov’t
Civil society
Community & 3rd sector
Urban climate governance as a
multi-scalar and trans-boundary endeavor
• City as site of
– trans-scalar policy travel and knowledge transfer
– institutional innovation and social learning
• Approach: Institutions & Actors (Networks)
• Needs to
– Consider the scale & pathway
– Map out the stakeholders and ecosystem
– Identify policy gridlock & potentials
•
•
•
•
Leadership matters
The gap between top officers and public servants
Path-dependent and institutional inertia
Public engagement & community involvement
Source: IPCC (2012) 《Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance
Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change》, Figure 6-2, p. 358
Guidelines
&
Funding
Practices
Innovation &
Institutionalization
INTERACTIVE
National initiatives & policy
framework
Top down
Act & bill
Framework of Taiwan's
Sustainable Energy Policy
(2008.7)
National Action Plan on
Energy Conservation and
GHG Reduction (2010.9)
Adaptation Strategy to
Climate Change in Taiwan
(2012.6)
Local Adaptation Plans (2+14)
(Green Gases Reduction Act,
Renewable Energy Development Bill,
Energy Management Law, Energy Tax
Bill)
Research & science
National Energy and Technology
Program
Low-carbon city program
(promote low-carbon demonstration
communities, low carbon cities, low
carbon living spheres) Carbon
Footprint Management plan (CFM Plan)
Funding
Guidance & Instruction
Consultation & Assistance
• Vulnerability assessment
• Prioritization of action plans
Bottom up
Join ICLEI: global urban
voluntary action to
reduce carbon emission
Propose carbon tax levy
(Kaohsiung City)
Turning aquaculture
ponds into solar
farms project (Pingtung)
City marketing on
international networks &
conferences
Institutional approach
Pathway & timeline matters
International
SCIENCE
POLICY
MANDATE & ACTION
National
DISCOURSE
1992
2010
Scientific
knowledge
1998
Nuclear
safety
2000
POLICY & ACTION
National Action Plan on Energy
Conservation and GHG Reduction
nuclear-free
homeland
2005
SCIENCE
Energy saving &
carbon emission
2008
Adapted from T L Lin (2008)
20 12
Adaptation Strategy to
Climate Change in Taiwan
Mitigation &
Adaptation
frameworks
National policy and framework: shall be focus of examination
Discourse on
ENERGY
issue
Research funding and projects on climate change
funded by Ministry of Science & Technology ( National Science Council)
Sustainable Development Research
Committee
Dept. of Natural Sciences &
Sustainable Development
180,000
60
160,000
50
140,000
#
F 120,000
u
n 100,000
d
i 80,000
n
g 60,000
40
p
r
o
30
j
e
c
20
t
s
40,000
10
20,000
1,000
NTD
0
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
#
研究經費 $
案件數量
C
C
PlanningHazard
C
Global North
Policy A
W
Hydrology
H
Policy B
L
Planning
L
H
year
Y
Policy C
J
K
W
Geography
Landscape
Global South
Sociology
H
D
Mitigation
Adaptation
H
Energy
Transportation
Architecture
Flood
control
Land
use
planning
L
P
Public affairs
bottom-up
top-down
H
D
K
Institutional approach
Networks matters
City
International
networks
Taipei City
 UCLG
 ICLEI
Taipei City
 UCLG
 ICLEI
Kaohsiung City
 UCLG
 ICLEI
 WMCCC
Policy travel and learning
City marketing
Policy & act
 Energy Efficiency
and Carbon
Reduction Action
Plan
 Industry & business
sector mainly
 Low-carbon
community
 Wetland parks
(riverbank)
 Transformation of
industrial city,
Carbon Information
Platform
 Public
transportation
 Wetland parks
Urban policy & actions
in responding to climate change
Eco-city
Development
Risk
Mitigation
Enhancing resilient
Market
potential &
opportunities
Policy
&
Actions
Goal
Public Sector
Resilient City
Adaptation
Reducing vulnerability
Public sector / People
Agency
Private sector
Third sector
Wellbeing &
safety of
society
Urban responses to climate change
at the crossroad of growth & risk
EX: Unraveling the nature of Local adaptation plans
• Old wine in new bottle
– Repacking old programs into new plans, not really
taken it as an opportunity for urban transformation
( industrial restructuring & infrastructure rebuilding)
• To pass the fish eyes for pearls (魚目混珠)
– Priority of local adaptation plans: urban regeneration
& flood control
– Eco-city policy and programs: to masquerade the
property development; green gentrification; city
marketing
Trans-boundary Learning & practices
Practices
Guidelines
&
Funding
Innovation &
Institutionalization
INTERACTIVE
top-down
Energy
Transportation
Architecture
Adaptation
Flood
control
Land
use
planning
bottom-up
Mitigation
Flood-prone areas management plan
Water Act (Special Act for Flood Management/ special
budget)
Unit: NT$ billion
(% of ministry’s budget and general budget)
Budget from 1st phrase
(2006-2007)
2nd phrase
(2008-2010)
3rd phrase
(2011-2013)
Duration
(2006-2013)
Ministry of
Economic
Affairs
Ministry of
the Interior
22.090
(18.03%)
27.880
(14.47%)
30.030
(17.58%)
80
(16.46%)
1.115
(0.84%)
3.520
(0.77%)
1.365
(0.29%)
6
(0.56%)
Council of
Agriculture
7.760
(8.34%)
13.100
(4.11%)
9.140
(2.78%)
30
(4.05%)
Total & % in
nat’l general
budget
30.965
(8.87%)
44.500
(4.58%)
40.535
(4.17%)
116
(5.06%)
Institutional Setting for Flood Risk Management
in Taiwan
Central government
Ministry of Economic Affairs
Water Resources Agency
Water Resources Planning Institute
Taipei Watershed Management Office
3 Regional Water Resources Offices
10 River Management Offices
Municipal government
Department of Water Resources
District/Township Offices
Problems
Language and Knowledge
Experts vs. Citizen
• Expert knowledge
– expressed in mandarin, professionalism, precise &
scientific survey and modeling, regulated by engineering/
structural (flood prevention) works, confined in
government division of labor
• Local knowledge
– expressed in dialect, related to everyday life, fuzzy &
disorganized, accumulated from life experiences, adaptive
and integrated knowledge on living environment,
totalitarian government functions
Preventive flood control vs. adaptive water governance
Analytical Framework
Event & Processes
Conflict management
 Negotiation on Flood
Risk Management Plan
(Flood prevention works)
Stakeholders
Government agencies
Intermediary organizations
Local community
Multi-stakeholders Platform
 A forum for negotiation/
knowledge transfer/
social learning
 public meeting/ forum/
workshop
Stakeholders
who is in the ecosystem of local planning?
Township mayors
Village chieves
10th River
Management
Office
WRA/MoEA
Government
WR agencies
Dept of Water
Resources,
NTC
Elites
Gentries
Local
communities
Knowledge transfer
Consensus building
Social learning
Consulting Firms 1
Intermediary
Organizations
Residents
Local Business
Water Watch
Chungiun Engineering
Consulting Firm
OURs
Consulting Firm 2
The Organization of Urban Reforms
AECOM Taiwan
TIIWE
Taiwan International Institute for Water Education
Flood-prone Area
Management Plan
Frequent
typhoons &
ravaged
flooding
1987-2003
public
communication
consultant firm 2
Explanation Forum
+ TIIWE
meetings
Watershed
8 yr, 116 billion NTD
2004
2007
2006
WR Watershed
management
planning I
Social learning
• Encounter
• Interaction
2008
WR Watershed
management
planning II
Public meeting
Conflict
management
gov’t agencies +
consultant firm 1
Forum
• Dialogue
• Communication
• Trust &
Consensus
building
management
council
2011
2009
Workshop
OURs, Water
watch, and local
residents
2012-2013
WR Watershed
management
planning III
Workshop
Workshop
(in-house)
(field-work)
• Negotiation
• Solution
• Empowerment
& capacity
building
• Mutual
understanding
& learning
Conclusion & Discussion
• The linkages among science-policy-action
– the role of citizen science
– the need of de-scaling & gap-meeting knowledge
– contexts and embeddedness
• Impasse & dilemma of risk & growth in the climate policy & planning
– Green gentrification
– Neoliberalizing the climate services
• Trans-scalar & trans-boundary learning and practices
– The openness of information & user-friendly (user-centered) S & T
– Variegated & diversified; reciprocal & mutual
• Circulation of human resources & reciprocal process
– from action (practices) to policy and institutionalization
– local contexts and historical experiences (ex: successful experience of
promoting disaster resistant community &“Pay-as-You-Throw” (PAYT)
schemes- recycling at the community level)