Download Name EVOLUTION!!! Section 16-1: Darwin`s Voyage and Discovery

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EVOLUTION!!!
Section 16-1: Darwin’s Voyage and Discovery
1. Define Evolution
2. Give a brief biography of Charles Darwin.
3. Why is Darwin so famous?
4. What was the ship Darwin took on his famous voyage and where did it travel to and from?
5. What did Darwin notice about the rhea in the grasslands of S. America, the ostrich in Africa and the emu
of Australia’s grasslands?
6. Examine Figure 16-2. Explain the shapes of the tortoises on Isabela and those of Hood Island. Also
explain how this shape helps them to survive.
7. Give another example of Darwin’s observation that different, yet related animal species often occupy
different habitats within a given area.
8. How did fossil evidence help Darwin form his theory of evolution?
Section 16-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
9. What did Hutton and Lyell contribute to the scientific world?
10. How did Lyell’s Principle of Geology influence Darwin’s theory?
11. Discuss Jena-Baptiste Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
12. How is Lamarck’s theory incorrect?
13. How did Thomas Malthus in 1798, contribute to Darwin’s theory?
14. According to Malthus, what are the three forces that work against unchecked population growth?
15. How did artificial selection influence Darwin’s theory?
Section 16-3: Darwin Presents His Case
16. What finally made Darwin after 20 years publish his theory of evolution?
17. What is the name of the book he published on evolution?
18. Using the ideas from Malthus and Lamarck and his observations from his voyage, Darwin formulated
his theory of evolution by Natural Selection. Discuss the three parts of his theory.
a. The Struggle for Existence:
b. Variation and Adaptation:
c. Survival of the Fittest
19. If an organism produces many offspring, but none of them reach maturity, do you think the organism
has high or low fitness. Discuss your answer.
20. 3 examples of adaptations are illustrated in Figure 16-9. Discuss the variations that led to their
adaptation.
21. Using Figure 16-10, discuss how natural selection is occurring with the grasshopper.
a. Struggle for existence:
b. Variation and Adaptation:
c. Survival of the Fittest:
d. Natural Selection:
22. Define Natural Selection
23. Give two reasons why the following statement is false. “The goal of natural selection is to produce
perfect organisms”.
24. What did Darwin mean by decent with modification?
25. What is the principle of common decent?
Section 16-4: Evidence for Evolution
26. How does biogeography relate to the evolution of a species?
27. According to Darwin, where did the different Galapagos species come from and how did they evolve?
28. What did Darwin note about the birds in the grasslands of Europe, Australia and Africa?
29. Darwin did not have the age of the earth. Today we know its age at 4.5 billion years old. According to
Hutton and Lyell, the earth was very old. How did this help Darwin with his theory of evolution?
30. Looking at figure 16-13 showing the evolution of the whale, which of the animals shown was probably
the most recent to live primarily on land?
31. The fact that modern whales have the remnants of hind limbs. What does this tell us about their
evolution?
32. What is a homologous structure?
33. Looking at figure 16-14, what do the homologous structures tell you about their evolutionary ancestry?
34. Give an example of analogous structures. What do these indicate about the organisms?
35. Is the shell of a clam and the shell of a lobster homologous or analogous?
36. What is a vestigial structure and give an example of one.
37. Look at figure 16-15 B. Don’t read the caption though. What is it?
38. How does embryology contribute to the understanding of the evolution of a species?
39. Do the Analyzing Data activity on page 470. Here you are looking at molecular biology and comparing
DNA sequences. The more similar the DNA, the more recently they shared a common ancestor
a. What percent of the nucleotides in the baleen whale’s DNA are different from those of the mouse
DNA? ___________________
b. What percent of the nucleotides in the chicken are different from those of the mouse? ________
c. What percent of the nucleotides in the whale differ from the chicken? ___________
d. Which two organisms are more distantly related? _________________ & ________________
40. Darwin was confused when on the Galapagos Islands with the birds. He thought that the birds he saw
were all different species but later learned that they were all different species of finches. What did he
say accounted for this evolution of the different finch species?
41. Looking at Figure 16-17, discuss how the different beaks played a role in the evolution of the 4 species
of finches. This is known as adaptive radiation.
Section 17.3: The Process of Speciation
1. Define what a species is.
2. What is speciation?
3. What is reproductive isolation?
4. Discuss behavior isolation and give an example of it
5. Discuss geographic isolation and give an example of it.
6. Discuss temporal isolation and give an example of it.