Download Final Exam Spring 2011 STUDY GUIDE

Final Exam Spring 2011 STUDY GUIDE
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
1. Energy is released from ATP when
a. a phosphate group is added.
c. ATP is exposed to sunlight.
b. adenine bonds to ribose.
d. a phosphate group is removed.
2. Which scientists showed that plants need light to grow?
a. van Helmont and Calvin
c. van Helmont and Priestley
b. Priestley and Ingenhousz
d. Priestley and Calvin
3. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
a. oxygen gas
c. NADPH
b. ATP
d. all of the above
4. If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to its
production of high-energy sugars?
a. More sugars will be produced.
b. No sugars will be produced.
c. The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide.
d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high-energy sugars in plants.
5. Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from
a. water.
c. carbon dioxide in the air.
b. the soil.
d. oxygen in the air.
6. Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing
a. high-energy sugars.
c. chlorophyll b.
b. chlorophyll a.
d. sunlight.
7. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
a. in the stroma
c. in the thylakoid membranes
b. outside the chloroplasts
d. only in chlorophyll molecules
8. The Calvin cycle is another name for
a. light-independent reactions.
b. light-dependent reactions.
c. photosynthesis.
d. all of the above
9. The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires
a. alcohol.
c. ATP.
b. oxygen.
d. NADH.
10. During one turn, the Krebs cycle produces
a. oxygen.
c. electron carriers.
b. lactic acid.
d. glucose.
11. Which of the following passes high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain?
a. NADH and FADH2
c. citric acid
b. ATP and ADP
d. acetyl-CoA
12. Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts.
c. mitochondria.
b. cytoplasm.
d. nucleus.
13. Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis
c. Krebs cycle
____ 14.
____ 15.
____ 16.
____ 17.
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
b. electron transport
d. all of the above
The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is
a. glucose.
c. pyruvic acid.
b. NADH.
d. coenzyme A.
The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make
a. lactic acid.
c. alcohol.
b. citric acid.
d. ATP.
When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
a. lactic acid fermentation.
c. cellular respiration.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
d. glycolysis.
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
a. prophase
c. metaphase
b. telophase
d. anaphase
Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they
have covered the bottom of the dish?
a. The cells lack cyclin.
b. The petri dish inhibits cell growth.
c. Contact with other cells stops cell growth.
d. Most cells grown in petri dishes have a defective p53.
As a cell grows, it
a. places more demands on its DNA.
b. uses up food and oxygen more quickly.
c. has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane.
d. all of the above
Compared with small cells, large cells have more trouble
a. dividing.
b. producing daughter cells.
c. moving needed materials in and waste products out.
d. making copies of their DNA.
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
a. cell division.
c. interphase.
b. metaphase.
d. mitosis.
Figure 10–2
____ 22. Cell division is represented in Figure 10-2 by the letter?
a. A.
c. C.
b. B.
d. D
Figure 10–3
____ 23. The structure labeled A in Figure 10-3 is called the
a. centromere.
c. sister chromatid.
b. centriole.
d. spindle.
____ 24. The structures labeled B in Figure 10-3 are called
a. centromeres.
c. sister chromatids.
b. centrioles.
d. spindles.
____ 25. The first phase of mitosis is called
a. prophase.
c. metaphase.
b. anaphase.
d. interphase.
____ 26. In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible?
a. prophase
c. metaphase
b. interphase
d. telophase
____ 27. Mendel concluded that traits are
a. not inherited by offspring.
b. inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring.
c. determined by dominant factors only.
d. determined by recessive factors only.
____ 28. The principles of probability can be used to
a. predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses.
b. determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses.
c. predict the traits of the parents used in genetic crosses.
d. decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses.
____ 29. How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose
genotype was RrYY?
a. 2
c. 8
b. 4
d. 16
____ 30. A cross of a white hen with a black rooster produces erminette-color offspring. This type of inheritance is
known as
a. incomplete dominance.
c. codominance.
b. polygenic inheritance.
d. multiple alleles.
____ 31. Chromosomes form tetrads during
a. prophase of meiosis I.
c. prophase of meiosis II.
b. metaphase of meiosis I.
d. metaphase of meiosis II.
____ 32. What are Mendel’s factors called today?
a. alleles
c. genes
____ 33.
____ 34.
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40.
____ 41.
____ 42.
____ 43.
____ 44.
____ 45.
b. traits
d. characters
The principle of dominance states that
a. all alleles are dominant.
b. all alleles are recessive.
c. some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
d. alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.
When Mendel allowed the tall F1 pea plants (Tt) to self-pollinate,
a. the offspring were of medium height.
b. all of the offspring were tall.
c. all of the offspring were short.
d. some of the offspring were short.
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
a. hybrid.
c. heterozygous.
b. homozygous.
d. dominant.
Gametes are produced by the process of
a. mitosis.
c. crossing-over.
b. meiosis.
d. replication.
DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
a. each with two new strands.
b. one with two new strands and the other with two original strands.
c. each with one new strand and one original strand.
d. each with two original strands.
Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. adenine.
c. phosphate groups.
b. uracil.
d. thymine.
Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others?
a. intron
c. polypeptide
b. tRNA
d. anticodon
A lac repressor turns off the lac genes by binding to
a. the promoter.
c. the operator.
b. tRNA.
d. the lac genes.
Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
a. messenger RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
b. transfer RNA
d. RNA polymerase
A promoter is a
a. binding site for DNA polymerase.
b. binding site for RNA polymerase.
c. start signal for transcription.
d. stop signal for transcription.
Which of the following are shown in a karyotype?
a. homologous chromosomes
c. autosomes
b. sex chromosomes
d. all of the above
What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female?
a. 10 percent
c. 50 percent
b. 25 percent
d. 75 percent
A change in a single gene causes the protein called CFTR to
a. become less soluble.
b. fold improperly.
____ 46.
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
c. destroy the cell membrane.
d. transport sodium ions instead of chloride ions.
Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
a. fathers pass the allele for colorblindness to their sons only.
b. the allele for colorblindness is located on the Y chromosome.
c. the allele for colorblindness is recessive and located on the X chromosome.
d. males who are colorblind have two copies of the allele for colorblindness.
A Barr body is
a. a condensed X chromosome that is inactive.
b. a condensed Y chromosome that is inactive.
c. an activated X chromosome.
d. an activated Y chromosome.
In humans, a male has
a. one X chromosome only.
b. two X chromosomes.
c. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
d. two Y chromosomes.
Human females produce egg cells that have
a. one X chromosome.
c. one X or one Y chromosome.
b. two X chromosomes.
d. one X and one Y chromosome.
Which of the following is caused by a dominant allele?
a. Huntington’s disease
c. Tay-Sachs disease
b. PKU
d. none of the above
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
51. Thylakoids are a(an) ____________________ color because they contain chlorophyll.
Figure 8–2
52. Photosystems I and II are found in the structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 8-2.
53. Organisms, such as hawks and leopards, that obtain energy from the foods they consume are called
____________________.
54. The light-dependent reactions convert NADP+ and ADP into the energy carriers NADPH and
____________________.
55. A high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that ____________________ fermentation has occurred.
56. The ____________________ is a series of carrier proteins.
57. The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires ____________________.
58. The larger a cell becomes, the ____________________ efficiently it is able to function.
59. The structure labeled A in Figure 10-1 is called the ____________________.
60. Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called ____________________.
61. Look at Figure 10-4. The process shown occurs directly following mitosis. This process is called
____________________.
Figure 10–4
62. The plants that Mendel crossed to produce the F1 generation made up the ____________________
generation.
63. Pea plants that are TT, ____________________, or tt have different genotypes.
64. An organism’s gametes have ____________________ the number of chromosomes found in the
organism’s body cells.
65. ____________________ is the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
66. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-6, the genotypes of the offspring are ____________________.
T
t
T
TT
Tt
T
TT
Tt
TT
T
=
Tall
t
=
Short
Figure 11-6
67. Meiosis produces four genetically different ____________________ cells.
68. The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an) ____________________.
Figure 12–1
69. There is no ____________________ that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule.
70. In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________ sequences in DNA.
71. According to the principle of ____________________, hydrogen bonds can form only between adenine
and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine.
72. In Figure 12-7, A, B, and C are three types of ____________________.
Figure 12–7
73. After introns are cut out of an RNA molecule, the remaining ____________________ are spliced back
together to form the final messenger RNA.
74. A mutation in a series of genes, called the ____________________, can change the organs that develop in
specific parts of an embryo.
75. A(An) ____________________ can be used to determine whether a person has inherited the normal
number of chromosomes.
76. People who have sickle cell disease inherited ____________________ copy(ies) of the sickle cell allele.
77. A person can be tested for the allele that causes Tay-Sachs disease because the ____________________
of that allele is different from that of the normal allele.
78. A(An) ____________________ is a diagram that follows the inheritance of a single gene through several
generations of a family.
79. A person with the alleles ii has blood type ____________________.
80. The process of ____________________ is used to identify a person based on DNA evidence.
Short Answer
81. What is ATP, and when is energy released from it?
82. What does the Calvin cycle do?
83. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Give an example of each type of
organism.
84. List the three main stages of cellular respiration in order. Where does each stage take place in the cell?
Figure 9–1
85. What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
86. Describe how a plant cell produces a new cell wall during cytokinesis.
Figure 10–2
87. Name two factors that help regulate the timing of the cell cycle.
88. Contrast the cells produced by mitosis with those produced by meiosis.
89. What is a linkage group?
90. What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis?
91. Why did Mendel not observe gene linkage during his experiments with pea plants?
92. In Figure 12-2, which molecule is tRNA, and what is its function?
Figure 12–2
93. According to Figure 12-3, what codons specify the amino acid arginine?
Figure 12–3
94. What is a bacteriophage?
95. What must happen to a DNA molecule before RNA polymerase can make RNA?
96. What is a mutation?
97. Why is a person who has Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) a male even though he has two X chromosomes
in his cells?
98. Why are viruses used in gene therapy?
99. Why are Barr bodies not found in most male cells?
100. Why do scientists use sections of DNA that have little or no known function to do DNA fingerprinting?
Essay
101. Discuss the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Do heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for
their survival? Explain your answer.
102. Identify the electron carriers of cellular respiration. Discuss the relationship between the electron carriers
and the electron transport chain.
103. List and describe the main events of the cell cycle. Illustrate your description with a diagram of the cell
cycle.
104. Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis.
105. Define linkage, and explain how linkage is used to make gene maps.
Other
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
A student prepared two beakers with identical sprigs of a water plant as shown below. She placed one
beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. She then systematically changed the
distance of the beaker from the lamp. She counted the bubbles given off by each sprig of the water plant.
Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed in the light.
Figure 8-3
106. Using Tables and Graphs Look at the graph in Figure 8-3. At what distance from the light source was
the greatest number of bubbles produced?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 8–4
107. Interpreting Graphics What process is shown in Figure 8-4?
108. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 8-4, what chemical from the atmosphere is used in the Calvin cycle to
produce sugars?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
A scientist set up a respiration chamber as shown in Figure 9-2. She placed a mouse in flask B. Into flasks
A, C, and D, she poured distilled water mixed with the acid-base indicator phenolphthalein. In the
presence of CO2, phenolphthalein turns from pink to clear. She allowed the mouse to stay in the chamber
for about an hour.
Figure 9–2
109. Applying Concepts Assume that the scientist set up an identical respiration chamber, except that in this
setup she placed a cricket in flask B instead of a mouse. At the end of one hour, she measured the amount
of CO2 given off by the cricket and the mouse. A small amount of CO2 had been given off by the mouse,
but little to no CO2 had been given off by the cricket. Is the cricket undergoing cellular respiration?
Explain these results.
110. Predicting Assume that the scientist set up an identical respiration chamber, except that in this setup she
placed a mouse that had been exercising on a hamster wheel. Then, the scientist measured the amount of
CO2 given off by both mice at the end of 15 minutes. Predict which setup produced the most CO2.
Explain your answer.
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 9–3
111. Inferring Look at the arrows and H+ ions in Figure 9-3. Which direction do most of the H+ ions move
in? What is the result of this movement?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 10–5
112. Inferring Identify the structures labeled X and Y in Figure 10-5.
113. Predicting After the steps shown in Figure 10-5 have been arranged in the correct order, what would a
diagram of a final step show?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 11–7
114. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 11-7, what is the genotype of the pink-flowered snapdragons?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 12–4
115. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12-4?
116. Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12-4 is a codon?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 12–8
117. Classifying What general type of mutation results from processes A, B, C, and D in Figure 12-8?
118. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process or processes involve two chromosomes?
119. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process produces two chromosomes with translocations?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family.
Attached earlobes is caused by a recessive allele (f).
Figure 14–1
120. Inferring In Figure 14-1, are any of the descendents of individuals 1 and 2 homozygous for free
earlobes? Explain your answer.