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The Common Arm digest: issue #4: Non-translational synthesis of poly-amino-acids. From: J. molec. Evolution 2, 205--208 (1973) ... To invoke translation to produce [a simple repeat-sequence] … polypeptide seems somewhat contrived in a primitive context. It would be preferable if they could be produced in a simpler fashion--i.e., non-translationally. Such a peptide is simple enough [in sequence] … that a non-translational synthesis by some simple alternating process is definitely not ruled out. … It is even possible that a biological process simpler than translation could produce such a regular polypeptide. A number of years ago I suggested tRNA may have had its ancestry in forms of nucleic acid that produced simple polypeptides by non-translational means (Woese, 1963). More recently I have proposed that the basic mechanism in translation is a two-fold symmetric mechanism involving the tRNAs reading adjacent codons (Woese, 1970). A simplified version of this latter sort of mechanism that does not involve mRNA, but works by direct complementarity between "anticodon" sections of two (complementary) tRNAs, is thereby suggested. Such a mechanism would produce peptides whose sequences comprised two (or two classes of) alternating amino acids (Woese, 1972). Woese, C.: I.C.S.U. Rev. 5, 210 (t963). What we are doing is turning the concept of the gene on its head. The gene "product" came first, and the gene evolved to allow its evolutionary elaboration – a matter of evolutionary refinement.