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Rationale: As middle school teachers, we teach a wide variety of subjects, it is difficult to be an expert in all of them. Understanding evolution leads to a rich, aweinspiring perspective of biology. It enhances our teaching by unifying all components of our life science curriculum. Diversity and Evolution of Living Organisms I. The scientific theory of evolution is the organizing principle of life science. II. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple forms of evidence. III. Natural Selection is a primary mechanism leading to change over time in organisms. Evolution is the unifying theme, the binding force of all life sciences. "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" Theodosius Dobzhansky Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ancestors. Evolution is responsible for both the remarkable similarities we see across all life and the amazing diversity of that life. Medicine: Both the organisms that cause disease and their hosts evolve. Agriculture: Genetically similar crops are vulnerable to disease and pests. Pests can evolve resistance to modern pesticides. Taxonomy: Understanding inbreeding and low genetic variation in endangered species can inform our decisions for future protection. Biotechnology: Evolution aids researchers develop biofuels and other powerful molecular tools. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Fossils Biogeography The Law of Superposition Artificial Selection Similarities: Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Organs: The evolutionary legacy we carry within our own bodies Overwhelming Genetic Evidence (not available in Darwin’s time) Mold: an imprint in rock Cast: a mold filled in with hard minerals, a rocklike model of the organism Amber: fossilized tree sap that can contain organisms The study of the geographical distribution of fossils. New organisms arise in areas where similar forms already existed Successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another by wind or water The lowest layer (stratum) will be the oldest. Relative age: a given fossil is younger or older than what is above or below it Absolute age: actual age based on amount of sediment around fossil The fossil record shows five mass extinctions in Earth history The Law of Superposition The oldest rock (lowest) contains the most primitive organisms. J.B.S. Haldane answered, “Find me a rabbit fossil in Pre-Cambrian Rock” 4. Artificial Selection Darwin noticed how farmers and breeders allowed only the plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce, causing the evolution of farm stock. He used this as evidence in Origin of Species. These pics both show the same animal, feral vs. domestic pigs. Cows being milked in ancient Egypt Comparative Anatomy: The study of Homologous traits (ex. forearms) features in different species that are similar because those species share a common ancestor. Homologous structures: A word on structures that look alike, be careful.. Convergent evolution like sharks and dolphins. They look alike because they both live in the same environment. The fins of sharks and dolphins are analogous structures, they did not evolve from common ancestors. Comparative Embryology: 6. Vestigial structures are features that were adaptations for an organism’s ancestor but have evolved to be non-functional due to a change in the organism’s environment Anal spurs on a ball python Goose bumps C= hind legs on whale skeleton The fascinating case of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve 7. The latest overwhelming evidence for evolution comes from molecular biology Molecular Biology: is the strongest evidence for evolution. Not even known in Darwin’s time, it involves comparing the DNA of different species to determine their relatedness. Just like our forelimbs or embryos are similar, so are our genes. Genes are also homologous structures. So What is a Gene? The function of transmit DNA is to store and transmit the To store and the genetic genetic information that tells which proteins information that tells cellscells which proteins to when to make themthem tomake makeand and when to make Great Example: Hox Genes are similar in all animals Professor Richard Dawkins at the University of Nebraska State Museum Dr. Kenneth Miller compares ape and human chromosomes Human chromosome #2 and its ape analogs 1. Traits in a population of organisms exhibit variation. 2. In any given population, not all individuals survive to reproduce. 3. Survival is NOT random. Survivors must have an advantage over those that don’t survive. A favorable trait gives the organisms an adaptive advantage. 4. The survivor’s advantageous traits MUST be heritable. High fitness means an organism’s ability to reproduce successfully. [email protected] 1. The population or individual does not "want" or "try" to evolve, and natural selection cannot try to supply what an organism "needs." Natural selection just selects among whatever variations exist in the population. The result is evolution. From www.evolution.berkeley.edu Over many generations in the dark, the species has lost its eyes since vision no longer gave the fish an advantage. Natural selection has no foresight, if the light returns to their ecosystem, they will be at a disadvantage. 2. Natural selection is sometimes interpreted as a random process. The genetic variation that occurs in a population because of mutation is random — but selection acts on that variation in a very non-random way: genetic variants that aid survival and reproduction are much more likely to become common than variants that don't. Natural selection is NOT random! From www.evolution.berkeley.edu There is also an excellent Brainpop on Natural Selection University of California Museum of Paleontology and the National Science Foundation http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ Life on Earth is one big extended family http://www.evogeneao.com/for-teachers/for-teachers.htm Dr. Dawkins’ videos on comparing the human and chimpanzee genome and on transitional fossil http://explore-evolution.unl.edu/dawkins.html Dr. Miller’s video clip on ape and human chromosomes https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-ytcl=85114404&v=8FGYzZOZxMw&x-yt-ts=1422579428#t=102 Cosmos Series, Episode 2, Dr. Neil Degrasse Tyson TEDx Misonceptions about Natural Selection (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZt1Gn0R22Q Your Inner Fish, Dr. Neil Shubin (“Your Inner Fish” is on Netflix!!!) Evolution, The Story of Life on Earth, Dr. Jay Hosler The Ancestor’s Tale, Dr. Richard Dawkins Distribution of classroom resources!!!! (powerpoints, labs, exam and exam reviews) A closer look at valuable online resources Hands-on activities A Preview of future museum exhibits Guest Speakers: Dr. Eldridge Birmingham, chief scientist and evolutionary biologist at the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Karlisa Callwood, PhD student, with an inquiry-based approach to exploring evolution concepts Dr. Sean Duran, Philip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science, discussing the Xiphactinus fossil restoration at the museum Mario Junco, www.explorelearning.com representative for online science resources On pg. 43 of Your Inner Fish, Dr. Neil Shubin writes, “Do the facts of our ancient history mean that humans are not special or unique among living creatures? Of course not. In fact, knowing something about the deep origins of humanity only adds to the remarkable fact of our existence: all of our extraordinary capabilities arose from basic components that evolved in ancient fish and other creatures. From common parts came a very unique construction. We are not separate from the rest of the living world; we are part of it down to our bones and…even our genes.”