* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Irving Gottesman wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY ___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers ___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Worth Publishers, © 2007 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 6 ___________________________________ 2 ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ Behavior genetics: Predicting Individual Differences ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Genes: our Codes for Life Twin Studies ___________________________________ Temperament Studies ___________________________________ Heritability ___________________________________ Gene‐Environment Interaction The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics 3 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1 ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Natural Selection ___________________________________ An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality ___________________________________ Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective ___________________________________ 4 OBJECTIVE 6‐1| Give examples of differences Nature, Nurture and Human Diversity and similarities within the human family. ___________________________________ Similarities Differences ___________________________________ Genes: Same set of chromosomes Genes: Genetic anomalies may make us different ___________________________________ Biology: The organs and body function the same Biology: May change during development ___________________________________ Brain: Same brain architecture Brain: Asymmetry of brain across genders Behaviors: Speak language Behavior: Speak different languages ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5 OBJECTIVE 6‐2| Describe the type of Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences questions that interest behavior geneticists. ___________________________________ Behavior Geneticists study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2 OBJECTIVE 6‐3| Define chromosome, DNA, Genes: Our Codes for Life gene, and genome, and describe their relationships. In the nucleus of a cell chromosomes containing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are situated. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7 ___________________________________ Genes: Our Codes for Life ___________________________________ Segments within DNA constitute genes making proteins to determine our development. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 8 ___________________________________ Genome ___________________________________ Genome is the set of complete instructions for making an organism Containing all the genes in that organism. Thus human genome makes us human and the genome for drosophila makes it a common house fly. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 9 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3 OBJECTIVE 6‐4| Explain how identical and Twin Biology fraternal twins differ, and ways that behavior geneticists use twin studies to understand the To study the effects of heredity and environment two sets of twins, identical and fraternal, have come in handy. effects of environment. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Twin and Procedures ___________________________________ Behavior geneticists study the effects of shared and unique environments on total or partial genetic makeup. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 ___________________________________ Separated Twins ___________________________________ A number of studies have looked at identical twins raised separately from birth or close there after and have found a number of similarities. Separated Twins ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Personality, Intelligence ___________________________________ Abilities, Attitudes ___________________________________ Interests, Fears Brain Waves, Heart Rate ___________________________________ 12 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4 ___________________________________ Separated Twins ___________________________________ Critics of separated twin studies note that such similarities can be found between strangers. However, researchers point out that differences between fraternal twins are greater than identical twins. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Bob Sacha 13 OBJECTIVE 6‐5| Cite ways that behavior Adoption Studies geneticists use adoption studies to understand the effects of environment and heredity. Opposed to twin studies, adoption studies suggest that adoptees (who may be biologically unrelated) tend to be different from their adoptive parents and siblings. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14 ___________________________________ Adoptive Studies ___________________________________ Adoptive studies strongly point to the simple fact that biologically related children turn out to be different in a family. So investigators ask: ___________________________________ Do siblings have differing experiences? ___________________________________ Do siblings, despite sharing half of their genes, have different combinations of the other half genes? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Ultimate question: Does parenting have an effect? 15 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5 ___________________________________ Parenting ___________________________________ Parenting does have an effect on biologically related and unrelated children. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Parenting Influences children’s ___________________________________ Attitudes, Values ___________________________________ Manners, Beliefs ___________________________________ Faith, Politics 16 OBJECTIVE 6‐6| Discuss how the relative Temperament Studies stability of our temperament illustrates the Temperament refers to a person’s stable emotional reactivity and intensity. Identical twins express similar temperaments, suggesting heredity predisposes temperament. influence of heredity on development. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17 OBJECTIVE 6‐7| Explain heritabilityʹs Heritability application on individuals and groups, and explain what we mean when we say genes are Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes. self‐regulating. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18 ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6 ___________________________________ Group Differences ___________________________________ If genetic influences help explain individual diversity in traits, can the same be said about group differences? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Not necessarily. Individual differences in weight and height are heritable and yet nutritional influences have made westerners heavier and taller than their ancestors a century ago. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19 ___________________________________ Nature and Nurture ___________________________________ Some human traits are fixed, like having two eyes, most psychological traits are liable to change with environmental experience. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ So genes provide choices to the organism to change its form or traits when environmental variables change. Therefore genes are pliable or self‐regulating. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20 OBJECTIVE 6‐8| Give and example of a Gene‐Environment Interaction genetically influenced trait that can evoke responses in others, and give another example Genes can influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene activity. of an environment that can trigger gene activity. ___________________________________ A genetic predisposition that makes a child restless and hyperactive, evokes angry responses from his parents. A stressful environment can trigger genes to manufacture neurotransmitters leading to depression. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 21 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7 ___________________________________ Gene‐Environment Interaction ___________________________________ Genes and environment affect our traits individually, but more important is their interactive effects. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Alessia Pierdomenico/Reuters/Corbis Rex Features People respond differently to Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean) than Orlando Bloom. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22 OBJECTIVE 6‐9| Identify the potential The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics promise and perils of molecular genetics. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Molecular genetics is a branch extension of behavior genetics that asks the question, do genes influence behavior? 23 ___________________________________ Molecular Genetics: Promises and Perils ___________________________________ Molecular geneticists are trying to identify genes that put people at risk for disorders. With this kind of knowledge parents can decide to abort pregnancies where fetuses are suspected of having such disorders ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ But this opens up a real concern about ethical issues involving such choices. ___________________________________ 24 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8 OBJECTIVE 6‐10| Describe the areas of Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature psychology that interests evolutionary psychologists. Molecular genetics studies why we as organisms are distinct. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Evolutionary psychology studies why we as humans are alike. In particular it studies the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection. ___________________________________ 25 OBJECTIVE 6‐11| State the principle of natural Natural Selection selection, and point out some possible effects of natural selection in the development of Natural selection is an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because they lead animals to reproduce and survive. human characteristics. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 26 ___________________________________ Artificial Selection ___________________________________ Biologists like Belyaev and Trut (1999) were able to artificially rear and domesticate wild foxes selecting them for friendly traits. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ L.N. Trur, American Scientist (1999) 87: 160‐169 Any trait that is favored naturally or artificially spreads to future generations. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 27 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9 ___________________________________ Human Traits ___________________________________ A number of human traits have been identified as a result of pressures afforded by natural selection. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile? ___________________________________ Why are most parents so passionately devoted to their children? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Why do people fear spiders and snakes and not electricity and guns? 28 OBJECTIVE 6‐12| Identify gender differences Human Sexuality in sexuality. ___________________________________ Gender Differences in Sexuality Males and females to a large extent behave and think similarly. Differences in sexes arise with regards to reproductive behaviors. Question (summarized) Male Female Casual sex 60% 35% Sex for affection 25% 48% Think about sex everyday 54% 19% ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 29 OBJECTIVE 6‐13| Describe evolutionary Mating Preferences explanations for gender differences in Natural selection has pressurized males to send their genes into the future by mating with multiple females because of lower cost involved. sexuality. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ But females because of higher costs involved with pregnancy and nursing select one mature and caring male. ___________________________________ 30 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 10 ___________________________________ Mating Preferences ___________________________________ In order for males to pass their genes into future they look for youthful appearance in females. Females on the other hand look for maturity, dominance, affluence and boldness in males. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Data based on 37 cultures. 31 OBJECTIVE 6‐14| Summarize the criticisms of Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective evolutionary explanations of human behavior, and describe the evolutionary psychologists’ Evolutionary psychologists take a behavior and work backward to explain it in terms of natural selection. responses to those criticisms. Evolutionary psychology proposes genetic determinism and undercuts morality in establishing society. ___________________________________ Where genders are unequal, gender preferences are wide, but closely equal, preferences narrow down. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 32 ___________________________________ Evolutionary Psychologists Reply ___________________________________ Evolutionary psychologists argue that we need to test behaviors that expound evolutionary principles. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Evolutionary psychologists remind us how we have adapted, but does not dictate how we ought to be. ___________________________________ Males and females are more alike than different, if we study these differences we can establish their causes. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 33 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 11