Download 26 - Henderson State University

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Storage: Retaining Information
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 26
___________________________________ 2
___________________________________ Storage: Retaining Information
___________________________________ Storage: Retaining Information
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ƒ Sensory Memory
ƒ Working/Short‐term Memory
___________________________________ ƒ Long‐Term Memory
___________________________________ ƒ Storing Memories in the Brain
___________________________________ 3
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
___________________________________ Storage: Retaining Information
___________________________________ At the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of memory are shown below:
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Long‐term
Memory
___________________________________ Encoding
___________________________________ Events
Encoding
Retrieval
___________________________________ Retrieval
4
OBJECTIVE 26‐1| Contrast two types of Sensory Memory
sensory memory. ___________________________________ Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long‐term
Memory
___________________________________ Encoding
___________________________________ Events
Encoding
Retrieval
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Retrieval
5
___________________________________ Whole Report
___________________________________ Sperling (1960)
R G T
F M Q
L Z S
___________________________________ ___________________________________ “Recall”
R T M Z
(44% recall)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 50 ms (1/20 second)
___________________________________ The exposure time for the stimulus is so small,
that items cannot be rehearsed.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
___________________________________ Partial Report
___________________________________ ___________________________________ S X T
J R S
P K Y
Low Tone
___________________________________ “Recall”
J R S
(100% recall)
Medium Tone
High Tone
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 50 ms (1/20 second)
___________________________________ Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally thought.
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___________________________________ Time Delay
___________________________________ ___________________________________ A D I
N L V
O G H
Low Tone
Time
Delay
“Recall”
Medium Tone
N _ _
(33% recall)
High Tone
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 50 ms (1/20 second)
___________________________________ 8
___________________________________ Sensory Memory
___________________________________ Percent Recognized
The longer the delay the greater the memory loss.
___________________________________ 80
___________________________________ 60
___________________________________ 40
___________________________________ 20
___________________________________ 0.15
0.30
0.50
Time (Seconds)
1.00
9
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
___________________________________ Sensory Memories
___________________________________ Duration of sensory memory differs for different senses.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Iconic
0.5 sec. long
___________________________________ Echoic
3‐4 sec. long
___________________________________ Hepatic
< 1 sec. long
___________________________________ 10
OBJECTIVE 26‐2| Describe the duration and Working Memory
working capacity of short‐term memory. ___________________________________ Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long‐term
Memory
___________________________________ Encoding
___________________________________ Events
Encoding
Retrieval
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Retrieval
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___________________________________ Working Memory
___________________________________ Working memory, a new name for short‐term memory, has limited capacity (7±2) and short duration (20 seconds). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sir George Hamilton observed that he could remember up
to 7 beans thrown on the floor accurately. If there were
more beans he resorted to guessing.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
___________________________________ Capacity
___________________________________ The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information (1956).
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Ready!
___________________________________ M U T G I K T L R S Y P
___________________________________ You should be able to
recall 7±2 letters.
___________________________________ George Miller
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___________________________________ Chunking
___________________________________ Capacity of working memory may be increased by “Chunking.”
___________________________________ ___________________________________ F‐B‐I‐T‐W‐A‐C‐I‐A‐I‐B‐M ___________________________________ FBI TWA CIA IBM
4 chunks
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14
___________________________________ Duration
___________________________________ Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal.
CHJ
MKT
HIJ
547
547
544
541
…
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ CH??
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Duration of working memory is about 20 sec.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
___________________________________ Working Memory Duration
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 16
OBJECTIVE 26‐3| Describe the capacity and Long‐Term Memory
duration of long‐term memory. ___________________________________ Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long‐term
Memory
___________________________________ Encoding
___________________________________ Events
Encoding
Retrieval
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Retrieval
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___________________________________ Long‐Term Memory
___________________________________ Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers
The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of
buried pine seeds during winter and spring.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
___________________________________ Memory Feats
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19
___________________________________ Memory Stores
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sensory
Memory
Working Memory
LTM
Encoding
Copy
Phonemic
Semantic
Capacity
Unlimited
7±2 Chunks
Very Large
___________________________________ Duration
0.25 sec.
20 sec.
Years
___________________________________ Feature
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20
___________________________________ Storing Memories in the Brain
1. Wilder Penfield (1967) through electrical stimulation of the brain concluded that old memories were etched in the brain.
2. Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed Penfieldʹs data and showed that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks.
3. Lashley (1950) using rats, suggested that even after removing parts of the brain the animals retained partial memory of the maze.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 21
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
OBJECTIVE 26‐4| Discuss the synaptic Synaptic Changes
changes that accompany memory formation and storage. Kandel and Schwartz (1982) Showed, in Aplysia, that serotonin release increased from neurons after conditioning.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Photo: Scientific American
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22
___________________________________ Synaptic Changes
___________________________________ Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller
Long‐Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning (lynch, 2002). Increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 23
OBJECTIVE 26‐5| Discuss some ways stress Stress Hormones & Memory
hormones can affect memory. ___________________________________ Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress can disrupt memory.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Scott Barbour/ Getty Images
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
OBJECTIVE 26‐6| Distinguish between Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories
implicit and explicit memory, and identify the Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory
involves learning an action, and the individual does not know or declare what she knows.
main brain structure associated with each. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 25
___________________________________ Hippocampus
___________________________________ Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic
system that processes explicit memories.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Weidenfield & Nicolson archives
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 26
___________________________________ Anterograde Amnesia
___________________________________ After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient HM remembers everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia.
Anterograde
Amnesia
(HM)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Memory Intact
No New Memories
___________________________________ Surgery
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 26 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
___________________________________ Implicit Memory
___________________________________ HM is unable to make new memories that are
declarative (explicit) but he can form new
memories that are procedural (implicit).
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ A
B
C
HM learnt the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery. Each time he plays it he is unable to remember the fact that he has already played the game.
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cerebellum
___________________________________ Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain
that processes implicit memories.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 29
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