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Psychology of Memory
Key Questions
• What is memory?
• How do we form memories?
• How do we retrieve memories?
What is Memory?
Write this definition in your own words
• Human memory is an information-processing system that
works constructively to encode, store, and retrieve
information.
• Question
Do you consider yourself to have a “good” memory? What
types of things are you able to easily remember? What
factors impact whether you remember or forget
something? What is your earliest childhood memory?
Facts about children and memory
• People cannot recall autobiographical memories
before their third or fourth year.
• Yet, two year olds have a remarkable memory when
it comes to other things:
• Where the cookie jar is hidden
• Stories in books
• Motor skills
• Pair-Share: What is your earliest childhood memory?
I Remember Mama and Dada
• What did the author discover about
the memories of his young son?
• Why can’t we remember our second
birthday party?
• How can parents get children to
develop stronger memories of their
early childhood?
Memory’s 3 Basic Tasks
Encoding –converting sensory information into
the format for memorization
Selecting –choosing what sensory
stimulus to convert
Identifying –recognizing features of the
stimulus
Labeling –assigning meaning to the
stimulus
Storage –retaining information
Retrieval –“to remember”
Memory’s 3 Basic Tasks
Using your book, notes or memory figure out what
term these definitions describe.
• 1) The process of modifying information to fit
the preferred format for memory
• Encoding
• 2) Retention of encoded material overtime
• Storage
• 3) Bringing a properly encoded and stored
memory to your conscious
• Retrieval
How do we form memories?
Three Stages of Memory
• Sensory Stage – split second memories of sensory data
• Sights-sounds-smells-textures-tastes
• Working Memory – can store up to seven items for 20-30
seconds
• Connects new and old info, protects vs. info overload
• Long-Term Memory – unlimited memories for indefinite
amount of time
Working Memory Test
• I am going to read you a short story.
Listen carefully because your
memory of the story will be tested
later.
Sensory Memory
• First Stage for basic sensory data
• Holds 12-14 items for a fraction of
second
• George Sperling’s Experiment
• How much data can your sensory
memory hold?
D J B W
X H G N
C L Y K
Working Memory (ShortTerm)
•The place where we think and
remember
•Holds 7 items (+ or – 2) 20-30
seconds
•Selects info from Sensory
memory, encodes it
Structure of Working Memory
• Central Executive –directs attention to memory
retrieval or input form sensory memory
• Phonological Loop –temporary sound storage
• Acoustic Encoding –converts information,
words into sound patterns
• Sketchpad –Store and manipulate visual images
• Visual + Spatial Encoding –Remembers where
things are in space
Working Memory Activity
• Listen to the numbers – when you
are instructed to “go” you should
pick up your pencil and write as
many of the numbers you can
recall (in order)
Chunking
• Chunking – breaks items into
smaller more memorable pieces
ex. 517-694-5813
X I B M C I A F B I C B S M T V
X
I B M
C I A
F B I
C B S
M T V
Rehearsal
• Maintenance Rehearsal
• Repeating words
• Reduce other inputs crowding it out
• Elaborative Rehearsal
• Puts info into long term memory
• Connecting new info with already
known info
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
•Unlimited Capacity
•Lifetime duration
•Information is encoded by
meaning
Structure of Long-Term
Memory
Procedural Memory
• Mental Directions “how to”
• Doesn’t require conscious thought
Declarative Memory
 Episodic Memory
• Journal of your life
• When and where
 Semantic Memory
• Basic words and meanings
How do we retrieve
memories?
• Implicit Memory
• Unaware you know
• Can affect your behavior
• Often Procedural Memory
• Explicit Memory
• conscious recognition of knowledge
Retrieval Cues
•Memory as a search engine
•Queries = Retrieval Cues
Retrieval through Recall and
Recognition
• Recall:
• Few Retrieval Cues/ Create and answer
• Essay question
• Names
• Recognition:
• Identify if you have previously
experienced stimulus
• Multiple Choice
• Faces
Recall
• Who is the scientist associated
with classical conditioning?
• What are the four “schedules of
reinforcement” identified by BF
Skinner?
Recognition
Who discovered the principle of
classical conditioning?
a. Ivan Pavlov
c. John B.
Watson
b. BF Skinner
d. Edward
Tolman
Recognition
Which of the following is NOT one of
the four schedules of
reinforcement?
a. Fixed-ratio
b. Fixed-interval
c. Interval-ratio
d. Variable-interval
Think-Pair-Share
• Compare your answers from slide 1
to the answers on slide 2 and 3 .
• Which was “easier”? Why?
• Do you think that they both show
“equal” learning?
Closer
• Reconstruct the story you were
read at the beginning
• Include as many details from the
story that you can