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• Test Date: • Nov 28th(B-DAY) • Nov 29th(A-DAY) • Lab: Closed-toe shoes • Thursday (BDAY) • Friday (ADAY) Essential Questions • What is cellular Respiration? • What is the equation for cellular respiration? • What are the similarities/differences with photosynthesis? • Stages: • Aerobic Anaerobic – glycolysis – Krebs cycle – Electron Transport glycolysis fermentation Food • A living organism such as an animal consumes food, then converts some of that food into useable ATP. The rest gets stored and converted later • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids can all be used to convert to ATP but at different rates • Lipids give long term large amounts of energy • carbs give short term quick energy • Proteins give the least amount of useable energy, so body usually stores it instead of converting it The role of ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy currency in living organisms • It cannot be stored-instead glucose is stored and converted as the body needs it. This conversion is called cellular respiration • When ATP is made, it then can be released and used by the cells in functions such as making proteins, active transport, and maintaining homeostasis • Glucose must be converted slowly in order to get the maximum amount of ATP from it. It does this in stages Cellular Respiration Overview • Goal: to convert chemical energy (food) into useable energy (ATP) • Two types – aerobic in the presence of oxygen – anaerobic without oxygen • Glycolysis is the first step regardless if there is oxygen or not – takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell Equation Glycolysis-pre step • Goal: One molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid • Steps: – Two ATP molecules are used to break down a glucose molecule – It is split into two three carbon molecules (3Carbon; 3C). Enzymes rearrange the molecules – Energized electrons from the molecules are transferred to molecules of NAD+ to make NADH – A series of reactions converts the 2 3C molecules to pyruvate, which will enter the mitochondria for cellular respiration – 4ATP are made • Equation: – Glucose+2ATP 2Pyruvate+NADH+4ATP Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)-aerobic • Named after Sir Hans Adolf Krebs • Each pyruvate will enter the Kreb’s cycle and be transformed into several products: – 4NADH – 3CO2 – FADH2 – 1ATP • Equation: • 2pyruvate 8NADH+6CO2+2FADH2+2ATP Steps to Krebs Cycle 1. Pyruvate broken down into two 2C moleculesNADH is formed, CO2 is released 2. Coenzyme A bonds to 2C molecule-this molecule goes into Krebs cycle 3. The 2C part binds to a 4C molecule creating citric acid (6C). Coenzyme A goes back to step 2 4. Citric acid is broken down into a 5C molecule. CO2 is released. NADH is formed 5. 5C is broken down into a 4C molecule. CO2 is released. NADH is released. ATP is released 6. 4C molecule is rearranged forming NADH and FADH2 which get released out of the Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain • The electron transport chain is a series of chemical reactions ending with hydrogen combining with oxygen to form water. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product as it is formed in several stages of the Krebs cycle. • Each reaction produces a small amount of energy, which by the end of the cycle produces many (up to 36) ATP molecules. • The ATP synthesized can be used by the cell for cellular metabolism ATP created • All of the NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs Cycle are converted into ATP which is usable energy. • Most scientists will agree that between 36-38 ATP are formed from the Krebs cycle and Electron Transport. BUT… you spent 2 ATP in glycolysis so truly you only NET 34-36 ATP. Anaerobic respiration • Glycolysis-same glycolysis as aerobic respiration – One glucose is split into two pyruvate producing two ATP total • Fermentation-Two types, both named after products in which they produce. Aerobic respiration produces water – Lactic acid – Alcoholic Equation Lactic Acid Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available, for example, in muscle tissues during rapid and vigorous exercise when muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen. • The pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid, and in the process energy is released (which is used to form ATP). • Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid + energy • The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can continue to have a continual source of energy even in the absence of oxygen, however this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. • Lactic acid that builds up in the tissue causes a burning, painful sensation. Alcoholic Fermentation • Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts and some bacteria. • In this process, pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide, and in the process energy is released (which is used to form ATP). • Glucose Pyruvic acid alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy Why learn about fermentation? • Cheese • Bread • Alcohol • Wine Venn Diagram