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The Immune System & Viral Specificity Answer the following questions using your textbook: Miller & Levine p. 969 -972 or Nelson p. 201 – 204. 1. 2. 3. What is a pathogen? Name the system that defends the body against pathogens? Explain the non-specific response and the specific response of the body. 4. COPY: Primary line of defense = skin mucous, membranes, tears, digestive enzymes non – specific response Secondary line of defense=phagocytic white blood cells (engulf foreign bodies (viruses, bacteria..) non-specific response Tertiary line of defense = lymphocytes – white blood cells that produce antibodies (active immunity)specific response 5. What are interferons? 6. A) What is an antigen? B) What is an antibody? A pathogen is anything that causes a disease The immune system is our bodies’ way of defending itself against pathogens. The immune system can be divided into 2 parts: Non-specific response = body’s first line of defense against disease. Tries to prevent you from getting sick in the first place. Specific response = if pathogen gets by 1st line of defense. = there are specific antibodies made that will recognize a virus & prevent it from infecting the host. There are 3 lines of defense: Primary line of defense (physical) = skin mucous, membranes, tears, digestive enzymes non – specific response Secondary line of defense=phagocytic white blood cells (engulf foreign bodies (viruses, bacteria..) non-specific response Tertiary line of defense = lymphocytes – white blood cells that produce antibodies (active immunity) specific response Innate---Interferons Small proteins produced by cells when they are infected with a virus, that help other cells resist viral infection (when released from a virus infected cell). They seem to make it more difficult for the virus to infect other cells – “interferes” with a virus Acquired Specific Immune Responses Antigen = A protein that stimulates the production of antibodies. These proteins are on the invader / foreign body & identify it as foreign. Found on surface of pathogen Antibody = Proteins in the blood that react with antigens – flag the pathogen for destruction by a white blood cell Viral Specificity • A virus infects a specific host: only plants, only animals, only fungus or only bacteria. • Some are very specific in that they infect a particular species such as only humans, only peach tree etc… • As well, viruses may infect only specific cells of the body Ex. Influenza infects lung cells So what can we do? Vaccines: We infect ourselves with a “deactivated” virus so that our immune system can produce antibodies and be ready in case of the real thing. Host Range: the number of different species a virus can infect • Narrow host range = infects only 1-3 species. – Ex. Human cold virus • Broad host range = infects many different species – Ex. Rabies – infects mammals & birds • A virus identifies the host cell by a “lock & key” system. – Antigens on the outside of the virus fit into a specific receptor site on the host cell’s surface. AIDS •HIV can be transmitted sexually, through contact with contaminated blood, tissue, or needles, and from mother to child during birth or breast-feeding. •Full-blown symptoms of AIDS may not develop for more than 10 years after infection. CHICKEN POX •Infects most children worldwide by the age of 10. •Transmitted in airborne droplets exhaled from an infected person. •The virus causes a low fever and a rash of fluid-filled blisters that begin as red spots covering most of the body and the inside of the mouth. •The disease is dangerous to newborns, to people first infected in adulthood, and to those in whom the virus remains dormant in nerve cells, erupting as the more painful and sometimes chronic (shingles) later in life. Hepatitis B •The hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes inflammation of the liver. •Symptoms of hepatitis B infection include jaundice and a flu-like illness •Chronic infection can lead to serious problems such as cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. •The rabies virus is usually RABIES transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected dog, but the bite of any animal (wild or domestic) is suspect in an area where rabies is present. •In North America, skunks are the principal carriers of the disease, although the raccoon and bat populations are also affected. •Symptoms of the disease appear after an incubation period of ten days to one year and include fever, breathing difficulties, muscle spasms, and in later stages, an irrational fear of water. • Death almost invariably occurs within 3 days to 3 weeks of the onset of symptoms. PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) •This virus can also cause benign skin tumours. •FACT: Females that have sexual intercourse before they are 19 are more likely to get this virus. •FACT: Females with this virus are more likely to contract cervical cancer. •FACT: Sexually promiscuous teenagers are more likely to get cervical cancer! HERPES •Herpes (Greek for “to creep”), is applied to several types of skin eruptions characterized by formation of blisters. •Some herpes viruses cause mononucleosis and can lead to birth defects when the virus invades pregnant women. •Together, these viruses are estimated to cause more human illnesses than any other group of viruses. JUNGLE FEVER A severe form of malaria common in tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia EBOLA •About one week after infection, the virus begins attacking blood and liver cells (1). •As the disease swiftly progresses, the virus may destroy vital organs such as the liver and kidneys (2). •This leads to massive internal bleeding (3). Shock and respiratory arrest soon follow, then death. SMALLPOX • Once greatly feared for its ability to kill or disable its victims, smallpox was eradicated by 1979 through a worldwide vaccination campaign. • Some fear that it may be used as a biological weapon