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Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
OC-SBT052-U01-01
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP – SBT052 – Unit 01
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
 Academic Inputs by
 Arun Punaji More.
M.Sc. (Microbiology)
 Experience: 11 Years
 [email protected]
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:
 Discuss different organs of immune system and
 Describe functions of different organs of immune system
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Introduction
 When you contract any infectious disease and
you go to a physician, you are subjected to
some clinical examination.
 Physician tell you to lye down and press his
hand at the right side of the end of last rib.
 Then he examines you by pressing his hand at
the right side in middle portion of your belly.
 Then he makes you to open your mouth and
see deep inside with help of his torch.
 Do you know what the physician is looking for?
 He is examining your liver, spleen and tonsils.
 All these are organs of immune system.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Organs of Immune System-1
 Skin and Epithelial Layer:
 Form the first line of defense against pathogen.
 They prevent the entry into the body.
 They discourage the growth of pathogen on
their surfaces.
 Liver:
 The complement proteins are produced in liver.
 C –reactive proteins are also produced in liver.
 Both complement proteins and c –reactive
proteins play important role in clearing
infections caused by pathogenic bacteria.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Organs of Immune System-2
 Bone Marrow
 All types of immune cells and other types of blood cells
are generated in bone marrow.
 Differentiation of different types of immune cells occur
in bone marrow.
 Maturation of B lymphocytes occurs in bone marrow.
 Cytokines, IL-7 required for the maturation of different
cells of immune system is produce by the stromal cells
of bone marrow.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Organs of Immune System-3
 Lymphatic System: It comprises of lymph vessels and organs along with
these lymph vessels.
 The lymphatic system is made of with following
components:





Thymus
Peyer’s patches
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
 The organs of lymphatic system are classified into :
 Primary lymphoid organs
 Secondary lymphoid organs
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Features
Primary lymphoid
organs
Secondary
lymphoid organs
Origin
Ectoendodermal
junction or endoderm
Mesoderm
Development time In early embryonic
life
In late fetal life.
Persistence
Inovulates after
puberty
Persist in adult life.
Effect on removal
Loss of lymphocytes
Almost no change.
Examples
Thymus, Peyer’s
patches, bursa
Spleen, lymph nodes
Response to Ag
Unresponsive
Fully reactive
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Primary Lymphoid Organs-1
 Thymus Gland:
 Located behind the upper part of the sternum bone.
 Show histologically Two distinct part: cortex and
medulla.
 Cortex consist of actively growing lymphocytes.
 Medulla mainly consist of epithelial cells.
 Main function of thymus is production of thymus
lymphocytes which are also called as T-lymphocytes
or T dependent lymphocytes or in short T cells.
 During the maturation of T Cells in Thymus , T cells
acquire new surface antigens called as Thy antigens.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Primary Lymphoid Organs-2
 Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues
(MALT):
These are specialized aggregates of lymphoid
tissues lining the internal surfaces of respiratory
system, alimentary canal and genito-urinary
tract which are constantly exposed to
pathogens.
 Scattered lymphoid follicles:
 Peyer’s patches: (Gut associated lymphoid
tissues)



Associated with gut mucosa.
Contain both B and T cells.
Predominant Ig produces is IgA.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Secondary Lymphoid Organs-1
 Spleen:
 It is the largest lymphoid organ.
 It is the principle organ involve in humoral immune
response.
 Ag stimulated lymphocytes actively grow and
produce Abs in the spleen; therefore spleen is also
called as principle organ of lymphoid system
involved in antibodies production.
 The main immunological function of spleen is to
facilitate the interaction between various types of
lymphocytes and blood borne Ags.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Organs of Immune System
 Anatomical locations
of organs of immune system
is shown here.
 Observe it carefully to identify.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Secondary Lymphoid Organs-2
 Spleen:
 The interaction of blood borne Ags and lymphocytes
in spleen initiate humoral immune response.
 Beside immunological function, spleen also serve as
major organ of filtration of abnormal lymphocytes
and erythrocytes.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Secondary Lymphoid Organs-3
 Lymph Nodes:
 It is the connective tissues bags filled with mobile
immune cells.
 They are located around the lymphatic vessels at
important anatomical sites.
 Lymph nodes show two main functional
compartments : cortex and medulla.
 The enlargement of lymph nodes upon antigenic
stimulation help in the clinical diagnosis of number
of infectious diseases to physicians.
 Lymph nodes act as a filter for lymph draining from
various anatomical sites.
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Structure of Lymph Node
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs-4
 Lymph Nodes:
 The outer cortex region consist of smaller primary
and secondary lymphoid follicles.
 They are packed with actively proliferating
lymphocytes and dendritic cells.
 The secondary follicles are called as germinal centers
for lymphocytes.
 On antigenic stimulation germinal center developed
and enlarges due increasing population of
lymphocytes.
 This results in the overall enlargement of lymph
nodes.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
What You Learn…
 You have learnt :
 Different organs of immune system such as


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Bone marrow
Spleen
Liver
Thymus gland
Lymph nodes
 Anatomical sites of organs of immune system
 Basic anatomical structure of these organs.
 Basic immunological functions of these organs.
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Critical Thinking Questions
 Why spleen is called as organ of antibody synthesis?
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Tips for Critical Thinking Questions
 Dense populations of B cells, interaction of different
cells in spleen.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
 Book
 Title: Roitt’s Essential Immunology, 10th ed.
 Author: Roitt I.M.
 Publication: Blackwell Science 2001.
 Journal Article
 Title: An Overview Of The Immune System.
 Author: Parkin J, Cohen B.
 Publication: Lancet 2001; 357:1777-1789.
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End of the Presentation
Thank You !