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IB Biology – Definitions required by the syllabus IB Biology syllabus – definitions. * Definition given in IB Biology syllabus Summer homework directions: Study all the words for topics 1 through 6 (create a Quizlet, notecards, Kahoot…?). Share this with me via email. The first week of school we will have a vocabulary quiz. TOPIC WORD DEFINITION Topic 1: Cells biology Organelle A discrete structure within a cell, with a specific function.* Tissue Degenerate A group of cells similar to each other, along with their associated intercellular substances, which perform the same function within a multicellular organism. A group of tissues which work together as a single unit to perform a particular function within a multicellular organism. A group of organs, vessels, glands, other tissues, and/or pathways which work together to perform a body function within a multicellular organism. Thepassivemovementofmoleculesfromaregionofhigh concentrationtoaregionoflowconcentration. Thepassivemovementofwatermolecules,acrossapartially permeablemembrane,fromaregionoflowersolute concentrationtoaregionofhighersoluteconcentration.* Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon).* Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed but not altering the direction or nature of the reactions. A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place. A structural change in a protein that results in a loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties. Refer only to heat and pH as agents.* Having more than one base triplet to code for one amino acid.* Universal Found in all living organisms.* Cellrespiration Controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.* Chemiosmosis is a processes that synthesizes ATP by the diffusion of hydrogen protons across a biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a transport protein) due to a proton gradient that forms on the other side of the membrane. Organ Organ system Diffusion Osmosis Topic 2: Molecular biology Organic Enzyme Active site Denaturation Chemiosmosis 1 IB Biology – Definitions required by the syllabus TOPIC WORD DEFINITION Topic 3: Genetics Gene A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. (The differences between structural genes, regulator genes and genes coding for tRNA and rRNA are not expected at SL).* One specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene.* The whole of the genetic information of an organism.* Allele Genome Gene mutation Homologous chromosomes Genotype A change in the base sequence of a gene on DNA. This could be by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a base or bases. The terms point mutation or frameshift mutation will not be used. A pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent. The alleles possessed by an organism.* Phenotype The characteristics of an organism.* Dominant allele Homozygous An allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.* Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles. An allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.* Pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote. (The terms incomplete and partial will no longer be used.)* The particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene.* Having two identical alleles of a gene.* Heterozygous Having two different alleles of a gene.* Carrier An individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that does not have an effect on their phenotype.* Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive. (The term backcross is no longer used.)* Genes found on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes) are said to be sex linked. Testing an individual for the presence or absence of a gene.* Recessive allele Codominant alleles Locus Test cross Sex linkage Genetic screening Clone A group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells artificially derived from a single parent cell.* 2 IB Biology – Definitions required by the syllabus TOPIC WORD Topic 4 and 5: Ecology Ecology and Evolution Ecosystem Population Community Species Habitat Autotroph (producer) Heterotroph (consumer) Detritivore Saprotroph (decomposer) Trophic level Carrying capacity Random sample Evolution DEFINITION The study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment.* A community and its abiotic environment.* A group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.* A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area.* A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.* The environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism.* An organism that fixes chemical energy in the form of organic molecules; it "makes its own food" and does not require previously formed organic materials from the environment; e.g. photoautotroph, chemoautotroph. An organism that requires chemical energy from already formed organic molecules. Animal that consumes decomposing organic particles, deriving nutrition primarily from microbes on the particles. Organism that feeds by secreting digestive enzymes onto its food source and absorbing the products of digestion. Fungi and bacteria are examples. Stage in a food chain or web leading from primary producers (lowest trophic level) through primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary and tertiary consumers (carnivores). Maximum average number or biomass of organisms that can be sustained in a habitat over the long term. Usually refers to a particular species, but can be applied to more than one. A method to ensure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being observed. The process of cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population.* 3 IB Biology – Definitions required by the syllabus TOPIC WORD DEFINITION Topic 6: Human Health and Physiology Pathogen An organism or virus that causes a disease.* Excretion The removal of metabolic waste products from the body. Topic 7: Nucleic acids Nucleosome Transcription Translation Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis Chemiosmosis Topic 9: Plant Science Transpiration Pollination Topic 10: Genetics Recombination Linkage group Polygenic inheritance The loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants.* The transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive region of a female organ, e.g. from anther to stigma. The reassortment of genes or characters into different combinations from those of the parents. Recombination occurs for linked genes by crossing over and, for unlinked genes, by chromosome assortment* due to random alignment during metaphase I and II of meiosis. Genes that are located on the same chromosome are part of a linkage group; the closer together the genes are, the lower the probability that they will be separated by crossing-over during meiosis in, and hence the greater the probability that they will be inherited together. A trait or characteristic that is influenced by the expression of more than one gene, e.g. hair colour in humans. Continuous variation occurs as a result. 4 IB Biology – Definitions required by the syllabus TOPIC WORD DEFINITION Topic 11: Animal physiology Active immunity Natural immunity Immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body’s defence mechanisms have been stimulated by invasion of foreign micro-organisms.* Immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via the placenta or in colostrum.* Immunity due to infection.* Artificial immunity Immunity due to inoculation with vaccine.* Resting potential The difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a neuron when not conducting nerve impulses (i.e. resting). In humans, the value is around -70mV, meaning the inside is negative relative to the outside of the cell. Voltage change generated across the membrane of a nerve or muscle cell when the cell is activated by electrical, chemical or mechanical stimuli. In humans, the value is around +40mV. The action potential is propagated along the nerve by voltage-gated ion channels. The control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism.* The amount of energy fixed by autotrophs, in kJ m-2 yr-1. Passive immunity Action potential Osmoregulation Option G: Ecology and Conservation Gross production Net production Biomass Biomagnification Option H: Further Human Physiology Partial pressure Gross production less the energy used by the autotrophs for their own respiration, in kJ m-2 yr-1. A quantitative estimate of the entire amount of living organisms in a particular habitat; it can be measured in terms of volume, mass, or caloric energy. process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level. The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases; measured in kPa (or mm Hg). 5