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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Biochemistry lesson 8
Study guide & Questions
Life and Energy
The program
Develop your own method by all means but this will get you going.
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Read the chapter sections in the reading section especially look at
diagrams and figures
MANDATORY watch all of the embedded video links (you will need
internet access to do this)
Now go through your homework questions and answer them and
submit
What do I need to know?
Be guided by the question sheets to the level of knowledge. The focus is on
understanding the concepts. There will be a difference between the videos
and the text in some matters. All questions are derived from the text unless
otherwise stated. The videos are there to help your understanding.
Your study resources
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MANDATORY – Biochemistry for Dummies Moore and Langley
Textbook optional - Introduction to General Organic and Biochemistry
Bettleheim et al
Weekly study sheet with YouTube links
Molecular model kit
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Reading:
Our text (biochemistry for dummies) does not give a good overview of these
processes and topics. In fact it makes quite a mess of it. Read the text for
background knowledge but do not get stuck on the details of each reaction
step. The questions will come from the video clips as well, which tackle the
subject in a more holistic and understandable way. We will be covering a lot of
ground in this lesson.
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Chapter 12
Ignore the calculation about the free energy component
Note with table 12-3 how ATP is produced from different steps
rather than all at once
Chapter 13
The start of this chapter covers Glycolosis and a detailed
description of Glycolosis. I feel the text is too complicated here.
Use the video on cellular respiration and Glycolosis to obtain a
better understanding.
Read the first part of the Krebs cycle but skip over the detailed
account. View the videos
Resume reading at Amino acids as energy sources
Skip over the section on Electron Transport and oxidative
phosphorylation – for the same reasons mentioned above. View
the videos.
Resume reading at Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Chapter 14 read from catabolism onwards
Key Concepts to understand
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ATP structure and role in the body processes
Glycolosis and Gluconeogenisis
Alcoholic fermentation
Krebs cycle
Protein catabolism
Fats and Beta oxidation
Urea cycle
Metabolic disorders
YouTube videos to support your learning & revision of knowledge
ATP Bozeman Science
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration - handwritten tutorials
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Glycolosis overview
Fermentation process
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain overview
Electron transport chain in a song!
Homework Questions Lesson 8
Q1 What are the three steps in cellular respiration? (Watch the video about cellular
respiration). Which step produces the most ATP?
The three steps are Glycolosis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The
electron transport chain produces the most ATP molecules.
Q2 What is the function of the Krebs cycle for the body? In which part of the body
does it occur?
It is the aerobic process of catabolism that produces energy in the form of ATP
molecules. It occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
Q3 In the text it mentions a range of other molecules that can store and transport
energy. What do all of them have in common structure wise?
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
All of them have phosphate groups attached.
Q4 Which molecule produces the highest amount of energy in catabolism, glucose
or stearic acid? Based on this answer which is the highest source of energy for the
body carbohydrates or lipids?
Glucose produces 36 ATP molecules compared to stearic acid a fatty acid
producing 146 per molecule.
Based on this comparison lipids are the higher source of energy.
Q5 The pyruvate molecule produced from Glycolosis can be utilised in different
ways. Outline two different pathways to provide energy. What is the factor that
determines these paths?
The two pathways are for the pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle in the molecular
form of acetyl coenzyme A or if oxygen is lacking be converted to lactate.
The presence of oxygen determines these paths.
Q6 Describe Gluconeogenisis. What are two control factors for this reaction?
This is a series of reactions that creates glucose from non carbohydrate sources
such as lactate, pyruvate, some amino acids and glycerol.
The difference of enzymes between this and Glycolosis is one control factor and
another is that the process can be isolated by being performed in different organs.
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Q7 What is the process of alcoholic fermentation? And why do alcoholic drinks
have bubbles?
This process occurs under anaerobic conditions with yeast and other organisms
converting pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The bubbles in fermented
drinks come from the carbon dioxide produced in this process. Note that some
beverages have additional carbon dioxide added for effect.
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Q8 What is the primary entry molecule for this process?
Pyruvate
Q9 Is the process aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
Q10 What is transamination and how do amino acids enter the Krebs cycle?
The removal of amine groups from the amino acid is transamination. Amino acids
undergo the process of deamination, oxidative deamination and other changes to
become one of the intermediates in Glycolosis or the Krebs cycle
Q11 Name four different molecules that are entry points into the Krebs cycle
Citrate beta ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Fumarate, Oxaloacetate, and Acetyl CoA
Q12 NADH & FADH deliver electrons to the electron transport chain and
phosphorylation process – what is the purpose of this elaborate process?
To extract energy from captured electrons to use to form ATP molecules
Q13 The catabolism of fatty acids for energy involves which cycle?
Beta oxidation cycle
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
Q14 The condition of ketonemia has what connection with acetyl CoA?
Excess Acetyl CoA in the system can form ketone bodies in the liver. These have
built up due to a lack of Oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle so it cannot be broken
down.
Ketonemia is the condition of excess ketone bodies in the blood. Some of the
ketone forms are acids’ so the buffer capacity of the blood is overwhelmed leading
to lower blood pH and acidosis which is a serious condition.
Q15 What two fatty acids cannot be synthesised in the body?
Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid
Q16 Put the following substances in the order they are involved with the Urea cycle
Ornithine – Arginine – Urea – Carbomyl phosphate – Citrulline - Argininosuccinate
Carbamoyl phosphate – Citrulline – Argininosuccinate – Arginine – Urea Ornithine
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Q17 With the following metabolic disorders outline what is wrong with the
biochemistry in the body
A. Gout
The over production of uric acid leads to it precipitating in areas of the body
with a lower temperature. A diet high in nucleic acids contributes. Also faulty
carbohydrate metabolism can be the source which stimulate the synthesis of
purines, excess purines being the source of the uric acid (upon breakdown)
B. Albinism
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A recessive genetic trait with a faulty Tyrosine metabolism, Tyrosine is a
melatonin precursor being the pigment for skin and hair colour. The enzyme
Tyrosinase is in shortage or only works at low temperatures.
Q18 What is this chemical reaction called?
This chemical reaction is transamination where the amine group is moved
between molecules.
Q19 In these pictures of bruises what are the various stages of haemoglobin
breakdown you can see?
A.
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
B.
A -Shows red blue colouration Haemoglobin. B - Shows all of the colours –
red blue green bliverdin and bilirubin.
Q19 Where is the primary fatty acids synthesis centre in the body?
Liver
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Biochemistry Module 2-8
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