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The Basics of Cell Biology Prof. Waters / Physical Anthropology Generalized Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell = complex cell with cell organs, such as a nucleus (e.g. multicellular organisms such as animals, and complex single celled organisms like protozoa) Prokaryotic cell = simple cell with no cell organs (e.g. single-celled organisms like bacteria, DNA is free-floating without a nuclear membrane surrounding it) Relationship of Chromosome to DNA Cells Somatic Cells: make up the body and all its parts contain the complete set of chromosomes (known as the diploid #) Sex Cells: the egg and sperm cells (aka “gametes”) contain1/2 the total # of chromosomes (known as the haploid #) Chromosomes Sex Chromosomes: determine biological sex of individual Identified as X or Y Is someone who has one X and one Y chromosome a male or a female? Autosomes: all chromosomes other than X and Y (#1-22) Mitosis Meiosis Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis (sperm production) (egg production) From Fertilization to Embryo Normal Human Karyotype What is this individual’s sex? Notice that autosomes are homologous chromosomes. Why aren’t sex chromosomes described as homologous? What are some of the practical applications of karyotyping? Nondisjunction Errors Fertilization After Nondisjunction (resulting in trisomy) Examples of Chromosomal Abnormalities Due to Nondisjunction Error Down Syndrome: 47 chromosomes Extra copy of #21 Is this an example of a trisomy or monosomy? Examples of Chromosomal Abnormalities Due to Nondisjunction Error Klinefelter Syndrome: 47 chromosomes (in most cases) Extra copy of X chromosome Is this an example of a trisomy or monosomy? What is the sex of an individual with this condition? Turner Syndrome: 45 chromosomes Missing a sex chromosome Is this an example of a trisomy or monosomy? What is the sex of an individual with this condition?