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Transcript
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis The respiratory pathways in the plant cytoplasm include glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolysis and fermentation take place in the cytoplasm The initial materials can come directly from the chloroplast, from stored starch in an amyloplast, or from imported sucrose. The activation of fructose and glucose requires ATP. Phosphofructokinases play an important role in controlling the rate of glycolysis (inhibited by PEP, stimulated by Pi). The reaction requires ATP or PPi. One glucose or fructose yields two glyceraldehyde-3-P. Oxidation of G3P uses 2 NAD+, yielding 2 NADH and 2 1,3-diPGA. The next reaction yields 2 ATP. Products of this section are 2 PEP or, with HCO3- addition, 2 OAA. PEP is converted to pyruvate, forming 2 ATP, or to OAA. Pyruvate or OAA can be reduced, regenerating NAD+, which in the absence of O2 allows continued glycolysis. Roots depend on respiration for ATP. Flooding expels O2 from the soil spaces. Anaerobiosis kills roots in ~ 24 hr through accumulation of ethanol. Temporary solution: Storage of lactate or malate in vacuole. Intolerant roots (pea, broad bean, Sitka spruce) ADH higher in flood Malic enzyme present EtOH accumulates (in spruce, up to 12X normal) Tolerant roots (canary grass, pine) ADH lower in flood No malic enzyme Malate accumulates EtOH limited to 3X normal Malic enzyme Roots depend on respiration for ATP. Flooding expels O2 from the soil spaces. Anaerobiosis kills roots in ~ 24 hr through accumulation of ethanol. Temporary solution: Storage of lactate or malate in vacuole. Longer-term solution: Secretion of ethanol (aquatics) Aerenchyma (constitutive or induced). O2-sufficient maize root Aerenchyma in O2-deficient maize root Aerenchyma in rice roots Aerenchyma can form in stems, too. The formation of aerenchyma involves apoptosis of anaerobically stressed cells. One definition of the “Pasteur Effect” is “a faster uptake of glucose by the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions relative to the rate in aerobic conditions. I just read another definition, which is more quantitative and experimental: “The Pasteur Effect occurs when the QCO2(N2)/QO2(air) is greater than 0.33.” The QCO2(N2) is the rate of evolution of CO2 when the tissue is in N2. The QO2(air) is the rate of uptake of O2 when the tissue is in air. Are these two definitions the same? Under what conditions? Explain why uptake of glucose might be faster under anaerobic conditions. One definition of the “Pasteur Effect” is “a faster uptake of glucose by the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions relative to the rate in aerobic conditions. I just read another definition, which is more quantitative and experimental: “The Pasteur Effect occurs when the QCO2(N2)/QO2(air) is greater than 0.33.” The QCO2(N2) is the rate of evolution of CO2 when the tissue is in N2. The QO2(air) is the rate of uptake of O2 when the tissue is in air. Are these two definitions the same? Under what conditions? Respiration of 1 mol glucose/min in air will take up 6 mol O2/min. Fermentation of 1 mol glucose/min in N2 will give 2 mol CO2/min. The ratio is 0.33, assuming the ethanol fermentation pathway. Explain why uptake of glucose might be faster under anaerobic conditions. One definition of the “Pasteur Effect” is “a faster uptake of glucose by the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions relative to the rate in aerobic conditions. I just read another definition, which is more quantitative and experimental: “The Pasteur Effect occurs when the QCO2(N2)/QO2(air) is greater than 0.33.” The QCO2(N2) is the rate of evolution of CO2 when the tissue is in N2. The QO2(air) is the rate of uptake of O2 when the tissue is in air. Are these two definitions the same? Under what conditions? Respiration of 1 mol glucose/min in air will take up 6 mol O2/min. Fermentation of 1 mol glucose/min in N2 will give 2 mol CO2/min. The ratio is 0.33, assuming the ethanolic fermentation pathway. Explain why uptake of glucose might be faster under anaerobic conditions. The production of ATP is less efficient, relative to glucose used. With unbalanced hydrolysis of ATP, [Pi] rises, stimulating PFK, a control point. Also increased [Pi] and decreased [ATP] stimulate PEP pyruvate, lowering [PEP], which also stimulates PFK. PPP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway Products: NADPH (needed to make fatty acids) Ribose-5-P (nucleic acids, ascorbic acid) Erythrose-4-P (shikimic acid: aromatic amino acids) CO2 Aromatic amino acids P-pentose isomerase epimerase TK TA TK Using the PPP to make NADPH membranes, storage lipids in seeds Using the PPP to make ribose-P DNA, RNA Summary •Sugars and triose-P from photosynthesis or from import can be metabolized to yield ATP and other compounds. •Anaerobic conditions yield ethanol, lactate, or malate. Net production of ATP depends on the starting material and the final product. •The Pentose Phosphate Pathway produces NADPH, ribose-P, and erythrose-P as useful compounds.