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Yourwebbrowser(Safari7)isoutofdate.Formoresecurity,comfortand thebestexperienceonthissite: Updateyourbrowser Ignore O C E A N E X P L O RAT I O N : TIMELINE ImportantEventsinOceanUnderwaterExploration Forthecompletetimelinewithmediaresources,visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/ocean-exploration-timeline/ 1800-1900|1900-1950|1950-1975|1975-2012 Year Event U.S.CoastSurvey 1807 PresidentThomasJeffersonsignsabillauthorizingthe UnitedStatesCoastSurvey. CoralAtollsExplained 1842 CharlesDarwinpublishesapapersuggestingthatcoral atollsarethefinalstageinthesubsidenceanderosionof volcanicislands. UnderseaCanyons 1857 JamesAldendiscoversthefirstknownsubmarinevalley, California'sMontereyCanyon. LifeintheDeepSea CharlesWyvilleThomson,dredgingfromtheH.M.S 1868 Lightning,findssealifeat4,389meters(14,400feet), shatteringprevioustheoriesthattheseawaslifelessbelow 549meters(1,800feet). EarlyMarineSurveyoftheAmericas 1872 NaturalistLouisAgassizsteamsfromtheU.S.EastCoastto itsWestCoastaroundSouthAmerica,collectingsome 30,000marinespecimens. 1of6 Year Event MarineResearchandOceanography 1872-76 H.M.S.Challengercirclestheglobeconductingreseachfor theRoyalSocietyofLondon,layingthegroundworkfor modernoceanography. TheFirstOceanographicResearchVessel TheU.S.FisheriesCommissionsteamerAlbatrossbegins 1882 operations\u2014thefirstshipbuilttoserveasan oceanographicresearchvessel. MarineSurveyoftheSouthPacific 1899-1905 AlexanderAgassizmakeslongresearchvoyagestothe SouthPacific,collectingdataandspecimensfromremote oceanregions. [top] Year Event TheSinkingoftheTitanic 1912 TheTitanicsinksafterhittinganiceberg,killing1,500 people.Thetragedyledtoeffortstodevelopanacoustic devicetofindobjectsaheadofavessel. FirstAcousticExplorationoftheSeas 1914 ReginaldFessendenusesanoscillatortobounceasignal simultaneouslyoffanicebergandtheseafloor\u2014first acousticexplorationoftheseas. StudyingtheMid-AtlanticRidge 1925 TheGermanMeteorexpeditionsurveystheSouthAtlantic withechosounders,provingthecontinuityoftheMidAtlanticRidge. 2of6 Year Event TheBathysphere WilliamBeebeisloweredinatetheredbathysphereto923 1934 meters(3,028feet).HeandpartnerOtisBartonpioneered mannedexplorationoftheocean. TheCreationoftheAqua-Lung JacquesCousteauand\u00c9mileGagnanmodifyademand 1943 breathingregulatortoengineertheAquaLung\u2014foreverchangingthecourseofhuman interactionwiththesea. [top] Year Event AnUntetheredSubmersibleDive TheFrenchresearchsubmersibleFNRS-3descendsto4,041 1954 meters(13,257feet)offthecoastofWestAfrica,pilotedby GeorgesHouotandPierreWillm,inauguratinguseof manned,untethered,researchsubmersibles. DiscoveryofMagneticStripingonOceanFloor TheU.S.CoastandGeodeticSurveyshipPioneer,inajoint projectwiththeU.S.NavyandtheScrippsInstitutionof 1955 Oceanography,towsthefirstmarinemagnetometerand findsmagneticstripingontheseafloorofftheWestCoast. Thediscoveryaddsakeyelementtothetheoryofplate tectonics. 3of6 Year Event TheTriesteExplorestheMarianaTrench ThebathyscapheTriestedivestowhatwasbelievedtobe thedeepestpointintheMarianaTrench,recordingadepth 1960 of10,912meters(35,800feet).Exploringthesameareain 1998,aJapaneseresearchvesselmeasuredadepthof 10,938meters(35,886feet). DevelopmentoftheDeepTowSystem TheScrippsInstitutionofOceanographybegins 1961 developmentoftheDeepTowSystem,theforerunnerofall remotelyoperatedunmannedoceanographicsystems. SubmersibleDeepDives TheDeepSubmergenceVehicleAlvinisconstructedbythe WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitute.Alvinwasthefirst 1964 U.S.-baseddeep-divingsubmersible,andhasnowmade over4,400descentsandledtonumerousoceanfloor discoveries. AnUnderwaterLab 1965 SealabII,anunderwaterhabitat,isloweredoffthecoastof California. SylviaEarleLeadsWomenAquanauts SylviaEarleleadsthefirstteamofwomenaquanautsduring 1970 theTektiteProjectandsetsarecordforsolodivingtoa depthof1,000meters. [top] Year Event 4of6 Year Event RobertBallard'sDiscoveryofHydrothermalVents Hydrothermalventsarediscovered,alongwithan 1977 ecosystemthatsurviveswithouttheenergyofthesun,bya teamledbyRobertBallard.Theseecosystemsrelyonbiota absorbingchemicalenergyfromtheventingmaterialsina processcalledchemosynthesis. TheDiscoveryoftheSunkenTitanic 1985 AresearchteamleadbyRobertBallarddiscoverstheTitanic morethan3,810meters(12,500feet)down,themost famousshipwreckinmodernhistory. CreatingSeaSurfaceMaps 1992 TOPEX/Poseidonsatellitebeginsmappingthesurfaceofthe sea. CreatingSeafloorMaps 1995 DeclassificationofGEOSATradaraltimetrydatafromaU.S. NavyEarthobservationsatelliteleadstoworldwidemapping oftheseafloor. CatalogingtheBiodiversityoftheOcean 2010 ThefirsteverCensusofMarineLifecatalogsthediversity, abundance,anddistributionofmarinespeciescollectedin anonlinedatabase. FirstSuccessfulSoloDivetotheMarianaTrench NationalGeographicExplorer-in-ResidenceJamesCameron successfullytravelstothebottomofthedeepestknown pointintheocean,ChallengerDeep,intheMarianaTrench 2012 ontheDEEPSEACHALLENGEexpedition.DEEPSEA CHALLENGEisajointscientificprojectbyJamesCameron, theNationalGeographicSociety,andRolex.Thisisthefirst timesomeonehastraveledtothisdepthsince1960,when theTriestemadeitsdescent,andthefirsttimeithasever beendoneasasolomission. 5of6 [top] ©1996–2017NationalGeographicSociety.Allrightsreserved. 6of6