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ANCIENT ROME AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY Roman civilization arises in Italy The Italian peninsula is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea Rome sits toward the center of Italy Unifying the lands of Italy Italy’s geography makes it easier to unify than Greece. Italy is not broken up into isolated valleys. The Apennine mountains are less rugged. There are broad, fertile plains in the north and west. Great for planting Able to support a growing population. Early settlers Latins Settled along the Tiber River Small villages over 7 hills o Villages grow together into Rome The Legend of Romulus and Remus Said to be twin sons of a Latin woman and the war god Mars. o Romans loved this legend because it gave the Romans a divine origin. Etruscans Lived to the north of Rome Origins are uncertain Ruled much of central Italy, including Rome o Rome learned much from the Etruscan civilization 1. Alphabet • From Greeks 2. Architecture • Arch 3. Engineering • Drained the land along the Tiber River Etruscan art Etruscan temple Etruscan burial mound Structuring the Republic Senate Senate nominates 2 consuls who oversee the government. They can only serve for one term. In times of war dictator may be chosen. Landholding upper-class. Originally the only ones eligible to serve in the Senate. Patricians Plebeians Farmers, merchants, traders, etc. made up the bulk of the population. Had little influence. Plebeians' Fight For Their Rights The efforts of plebeians to protect their rights shaped the early Republic. In time, they gained certain rights: 1. Elect tribunes • Could veto certain laws 2. Forced the Senate to choose some plebs as consuls 3. Election to the Senate 4. The Twelve Tables ROME CONQUERS THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ROMAN CONFEDERATION By 264 BC Rome had conquered virtually all of Italy Set up the Roman confederation to help with rule •Latins were made citizens •Others were made allies Free to run local matters Had to provide soldiers for Rome Loyal allies could become citizens Peoples conquered by Rome were made to feel a part of Rome’s success Carthage: Large trading empire Western Mediterranean Sea Carthaginian Empire extends to Sicily Rome cannot have this! Second Punic War Hannibal nearly defeats Rome, but is unable to finish the job Carthage loses Spain Rome becomes dominant in the Mediterranean Third Punic War Rome completely destroys Carthage City wiped out and fields plowed under with salt 133 B.C.: Macedonia, Greece, Pergamum are all defeated. Rome is now the master of the Med. Sea. The Impact at Home Control of Med. Sea means increased trade. A new class of rich emerge They build latifundia and drive smaller farmers out of business. Poor and unemployed farmers flock to Rome. The gap between rich and poor widens Causing riots Increase in corruption Greed and self-interest replace hard work and devotion to duty. The Deline of the Roman Republic and Rise of Julius Caesar The Roman Republic Declines Rome is plunged into a series of civil war: Who should rule: • Senators? (Stay the same) • Popular political leaders? (reforms) Rome’s citizen soldiers have become professional soldiers. More loyal to their commanders than to the Roman government • Commanders took better care of their men than the gov’t did. Julius Caesar the Dictator Caesar vs. Pompey Two ambitious commanders Dominated Roman politics • Caesar had conquered France and Gaul-Pompey alarmed. • Pompey gets the Senate to order Caesar to disband his armies • Caesar marches on Rome and takes it. • Forces the Senate to make him dictator. • Caesar makes reforms but his enemies distrust him. Caesar Killed His enemies feared he planned to make himself King The death of Caesar means Rome is again plunged into the civil war. Marc Antony vs Octavian Antony = Caesar’s chief general. Octavian = Caesar’s grandnephew At first they meant to track down the murderers They soon quarreled. This set off a bitter struggle for power. Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra Octavian Marc Antony Cleopatra THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE ROMAN EMPIRE The age of the Roman Empire dawns. Octavian wins the power struggle with Marc Antony. The Senate gives him the title of “The exalted one” or Augustus and declare him the “first citizen” Augustus is very careful to NOT call himself king but… He did have absolute power and he could name his successor. The Roman Republic was dead. Augustus builds a stable government. Used firm but moderate policies Left the senate in place Created a well-trained civil service to enforce laws High-level jobs were open to men of talent regardless of class Allows cities and provinces to selfgovern themselves • This creates loyalty Economic reforms Created a census to make the tax system more fair The post office issued new coins • Made trade easier Put the jobless to work building temples, etc. Augustus’ government survived over 200 years but… Who would rule after the emperor died? This could be a problem. Emperor’s vary Not all of Augustus’ successors were great rulers. Weak Incompetent EVIL! INSANE! • Caligula Appointed his horse consul • Nero Persecuted Christians Sometimes blamed for torching Rome Some are good rulers Hadrian • codified Roman law. • Built a wall to keep Celts in Scotland from attacking Roman territory Marcus Aurelius • Came close to the philosopher-king Plato had wanted. Pax Romana 200 years of peace and prosperity Expansion of trade and Roman culture. The Rise of Christianity The teachings of Jesus Jesus was a Jewish prophet from Galilee Believed his mission was to complete the salvation that god had promised to Israel. He believed he was the messiah. Transformation of the inner person was more important than blindly following the law. His preaching caused controversy. Some though they could lead to a revolt. Jesus is welcomed by some in Jerusalem. Others see him as a dangerous troublemaker. Some Jewish priest believed he was challenging their leadership. Roman authorities saw him as a revolutionary who might lead the Jews to revolt. Jesus is arrested, tried and sentenced to death. Crucifixion • Slow, tortuous death. The Message of Christianity Spreads Jesus is called “The Christ” or anointed one. Belief in him will lead to eternal life. Christians. His teachings are spread in nearby Jewish communities. Two men spread the word even farther. St. Peter Brought the religion to the city of Rome itself. Might this have been risky? YES St. Paul Spreads the word through Asia Minor, Africa, and Europe. Paul is the most influential person in Christianity. The Decline and Fall The Empire Divides 180 ADMarcus Aurelius dies Pax Romana ends The next 100 years = economic and political turmoil. Political violence becomes common Disruptive political patterns emerge • Emperors are overthrown Generals “intriguers” Violence and instability are now the rule Social and economic problems arise Heavy taxes needed to support the army • Paid for by business people and farmers Many Problems Cause Rome to Fall Military attacks Barbarian invasions • Roman legions lack discipline and training • Mercenaries are hired • Little/no loyalty to Rome Political turmoil Gov’t becomes oppressive • loses the support of the people Corrupt officials Civil war Rival armies • Loyal to commanders Divided empire • Weakened the empire beyond repair • Richer Eastern Empire did not help Economic weakness Heavy taxes needed • To support the military • Vast bureaucracy • Reliance on slave labor slowed technological advances • Climate change? • Population decrease Social decay Lack of: • Patriotism • Discipline • Devotion to duty Did Rome Fall? Rome does not disappear completely in 476 • Eastern Roman Empire flourishes for another 1000 years Byzantine Empire Rome shifts from one way of life to another People in Italy do not change much Germanic customs, languages and culture replace the Roman ones Christian Church maintains much of the Roman ways.