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HIS 207:001 August 30, 2011 Less widespread, less numerous than the Etruscans Romans were one group of Latins ◦ All linguistically and culturally similar 1% of Italian peninsula Located in Latium ◦ Western coast ◦ 900 sq. mi. 900-700 B.C.E. ◦ Start of the iron age ◦ Iron was stronger and cheaper than bronze Make better weapons Weapons more accessible to the less affluent ◦ True cities emerge between 700 and 500 B.C.E. in Etruria Later in Latium Laid out in grid pattern Public buildings ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Temples Open meeting places Fortifications Rich tombs with impressive burial goods “an energetic warlike society” Etruria and Latium ◦ Natural resources – iron ore, limestone, timber ◦ Rich agricultural land Alphabet ◦ Ability to keep records and communicate ◦ Probably created for commerce Began in 3rd century B.C.E. Early Roman history began 200-150 B.C.E. ◦ Earliest historians – annalists ◦ Yearly account – in Greek Rome’s foundations ◦ Descendants of Aeneas fleeing Troy c. 1150 B.C.E. ◦ Founded Alba Longa ◦ Romulus and Remus – 400 years later Romulus Numa Pompilius ◦ Instituted cult of Fides, goddess of trust, good faith Tullus Hostilius Ancus Marcius Tarquinius Priscus Servius Tullius Tarquinius Superbus Some Sabine, some Latin, some Etruscan Kings confirmed in accordance with the lex curiata ◦ Passed by Curiate Assembly, endorsed by Senate With Tarquinius Superbus (the Proud or the Arrogant) decline begins ◦ Included Latium ◦ Enforced labor on building projects Temple of Jupiter, Cloaca Maxima (Great Drain) Legend of abuses Expelled by Lucius Junius Brutus (the Liberator) Murdered previous king ◦ Aided by sister-in-law Rape of Lucretia ◦ Roman matron ◦ Dishonored, suicide King phobia? L. Junius Brutus Two consuls replaced Tarquinius Celts ◦ 225 B.C.E. – within 50 miles of Rome Latins ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Postumius Battle of Lake Regillus Temple of Castor and Pollux Cassian treaty in 496 B.C.E. Alliance for mutual defense and expansion Intermarriage Migration Citizenship Joint religious celebrations ◦ Diana on the Aventine (Rome) ◦ Venus at Lavinium ◦ Jupiter Latiaris – (Guardian of the Latins) After 500 BCE, Celts and Latins become problems 200 years to subdue them Romanization begins thereafter Lake Regillus 496 B.C.E. Confirms Rome’s independence and republic Victory temple ◦ Castor and Pollus ◦ Commander Postumius ◦ Rebuilt 117 B.C.E. Latin cities self-governing Via Salaria (the Salt Road) Around 400 B.C.E. Evocatio ◦ Ritual “calling out” of the gods of Veii Juno Expansion New borders Colonia Annexation Latin colony New fortresses Po River valley Day of the Allia July 18, 390 B.C.E. Response ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Defenses Servian Walls More colonies Alliances 340-338 B.C.E. Settlement of 338 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Land Latin League Citizenship? No Serfs No Tribute Military service What do we have? Roman military ◦ Phalanx – 4000 ◦ 8 deep ◦ Increases to Veii Tarentum ◦ Thurii ◦ 280 BCE ◦ Ausculum in 279 BCE Another such victory and I’m finished Magistrates ◦ Two magistrates served as consuls. These replace the king. Supreme civil and military authority Held office for one year Led armies, served as judges, had religious duties Hold imperium as did the kings Two magistrates means no one person holds power Legislative branch Advisors to the consuls 300 ◦ Ex-consuls and others All members of the army Elected consuls Wealthy vote first Decided on laws and war Great families or clans (gens) Alliances, marriages, divorces, adoptions, and assassinations made or broke political careers By 100 B.C.E. it was almost impossible to be consul as a “new man.” 5th century crisis Losses of property and land Major losers – plebeians Plebeians – major component of the Roman armies 509 – 287 B.C.E. Patricians – 10% of population Plebeians – 90% of population ◦ Plebeian rights were limited ◦ Voted in Assembly but were often meaningless ◦ Aristocrats voted first 494 B.C.E. Plebeians threaten to set up own state ◦ Concilium plebis Plebeians formed Sacred Band ◦ Oath ◦ Risked loss of position, family, property ◦ Goal was protection against arbitrary acts of the Senate Succession ◦ 494 B.C.E. ◦ 450 B.C.E. ◦ 287 B.C.E. Temple to Ceres (goddess of agriculture) on the Aventine Two tribunes ◦ Absolute veto ◦ Sacrosanct ◦ Later there were ten 450 B.C.E. ◦ Laws of the Twelve Tables 445 B.C.E. ◦ Right to intermarry with patricians – lex canuleia 406 B.C.E. ◦ Pay for army service to cover food and equipment 367 B.C.E. ◦ Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextus, tribunes One consul to be plebeian Praetor serves as assistant consul ◦ Elected military commander and civilian imperium Law restricting amount of land held 287 B.C.E. Assembly of Tribes’ decisions are binding Wealthy plebeians into patrician class Romans mixed their government, and made compromises to insure the growth of the Republic By the 3rd Century B.C.E. there is a new, larger class of patricians ◦ They will manage to transmit their positions to their children and will control the state until, roughly, the fall of G. Julius Caesar Livy: Rape of Lucretia Ancient History Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/livy -rape.asp Identify the author, summarize the selection, and answer the questions: What virtues does this story put forth for roman society through the example of Lucretia? Why would this story have mattered to Romans?