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Study Guide for Mr. Somers Biology 1 Final 2011
Evolution:
1. Explain the types of evidence that we use to show how evolution occurs. Give an example for each.
2. What was the early atmosphere like? Could life survive on the early earth? What happened to allow the molecules
necessary for life to be created in these early conditions (think Miller experiment)?
3. What is the significance of similarities in embryos? Of homologous structures? Of analogous structures?
4. What types of things can we learn about from fossils?
5. What is the significance of similar organisms on different continents?
6. What relationship can be inferred by organisms sharing similar DNA or proteins?
7. What is the gene pool? Changes in the gene pool would indicate what had occurred?
8. What five conditions must be met in order for the Hardy-Weinberg Law to apply? Are those conditions ever met in
nature?
9. Describe the process of natural selection. Be sure to discuss the role of variations, resources within the environment,
and fitness.
10. What is the difference between genetic drift and gene flow?
11. Name two pre-mating and two post-mating reproductive isolating mechanisms.
12. How did Malthus, Lyell, and Lamarck influence Darwin’s ideas?
13. What is the difference between an adaptation and a variation?
14. How do phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium differ?
15. What is the difference between coevolution, divergent evolution, and convergent evolution?
16. How do allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation compare?
17. There are 3 ways that natural selection can act on a population: stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection. How
are they different?
Human Evolution:
18. Compare the following hominids: Ardipithecus, Australopithicus, Homo habilus, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, &
Cro-Magnons in terms of intelligence, tool use, diet, & culture.
19. Explain the trends that occurred in human evolution in the following areas: physical characteristics, skull features,
diet, tool use, & geographic movement.
20. Explain the relationship between brain size, tool use, and diet.
21. Describe the anatomical changes that had to occur in order for hominids to walk upright.
22. What are three reasons why our ancestors may have begun to walk upright?
23. What is our evolutionary relationship to apes?
24. What general characteristics put humans into the following taxa: Order Primates, Sub-order Anthropoids, and the
Genus Homo?
25. Compare and contrast the Multiregionalism and Out of Africa theories.
Enzymes and cellular respiration:
26. How are enzymes important to metabolic pathways and how do they affect the energy of activation for a reaction?
27. How are enzymes named, and why are they named this way?
28. Explain what happens when an enzyme binds with its substrate, and name the model used to describe this interaction.
29. Be able to explain how substrate concentration, temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and inhibition affect enzyme
activity.
30. If given a set of data or description of factors, be able to use enzyme functioning to explain the given data.
31. What do the terms oxidation and reduction mean? What enzymes are oxidized and reduced during the process of
cellular respiration?
32. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? Name the 4 phases involved in cellular respiration, and when
each of the end products of cellular respiration are made.
33. What steps would a cell undergo to make ATP during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions? What kinds of
organisms would undergo each type of respiration?
34. Where in the cell do each of the following occur: glycolysis, transition reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport
system, and fermentation?
35. What are the inputs and outputs of each of the following: glycolysis, transition reaction, citric acid cycle, electron
transport system, and fermentation?
36. Be able to calculate the number of ATP produced during cellular respiration in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Be
able to explain why there is a difference in terms of the amount of ATP for each.
37. Be able to label a diagram of the locations of all processes and products throughout cell respiration.
Photosynthesis:
38. Be able to identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis (equation).
39. What is a producer? Name two examples.
40. Name 3 reasons why all life of earth is dependent upon the process of photosynthesis.
41. Be able to label a diagram of a leaf, and be familiar with the parts of a leaf.
42. Be able to label the parts of a chloroplast, and be familiar with where each of the steps involved in photosynthesis take
place in a chloroplast.
43. Why are leaves green in the spring and summer, but red, orange and yellow in the fall (explain based on the pigments
in leaves).
44. How are water, carbon dioxide, NADP+, and NADPH oxidized and reduced during the process of photosynthesis?
45. How are the light-dependent and light-independent phases dependent upon one another?
46. How do the cyclic and noncyclic electron pathways compare in terms of outputs?
47. What happens during the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle? Be sure to include carbon dioxide, RuBP, G3P, NADPH, and
ATP.
48. Be able to explain what happens to electrons when the sun hits the photosystems. Be able to explain the path of
electrons, beginning with water, and ending with NADPH. Also be sure to mention the generation of ATP.
49. How does the process of photosynthesis compare with cellular respiration? Be able to compare and contrast the two
in the following ways: types of organisms they occur within, organelle within the cell they occur within, products,
reactants, and enzymes.
Ecology:
50. Be able to explain what benthos and plankton are, and be able to explain how each was collected at the stream.
51. Be familiar with the types of physical measurements made on the stream study, how each measurement was made,
and what equipment was used for each.
52. Be able to identify the importance of benthos, plankton, and trees to one another in the stream ecosystem; be able to
identify the effects that changes in the amounts of any of those organisms would have on the others.
53. Be able to explain the following terms: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, consumer, producer, & decomposer..
54. Be able to explain the various chemical factors and how they impact the organisms present in the stream.