Download Cell Chemistry Review

Cell Chemistry Review
Introduction:
This unit on Cell Chemistry is intended to introduce the students to the basic concepts of
chemistry and biochemistry, chemical pathways and equations, characteristics of certain
chemicals (enzymes, sugars, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids), cells and tissues characteristics,
cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
The unit may be changed in content, length, assignments, or detail depending on student needs,
resources, and time available.
Goals:
Students will:
1. grasp the concept that energy is not created or destroyed, but can be converted into other
forms, and that some energy will be lost when a transfer occurs.
2. demonstrate that all matter is made of atoms and molecules that are made of atoms are
bonded in specific patterns.
3. understand that the fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on the variety
of chemical reactions that are carried out in specialized areas of the organism’s cells.
Objectives:
1. To help student understand basic concepts of biochemistry.
2. To help students gain an appreciation of science as a process.
3. To prepare students for higher level science curriculum.
4. To teach students formal lab reporting guidelines.
5. To facilitate higher organization levels in students.
Assessments:
Microscope Lab
Bacteriology Lab
Macromolecule model lab
Misc. Videos
Mitosis Lab
Cellular Resp. Lab
Photosynthesis Lab
Enzyme Lab(s)
Molecule model lab
Misc. Reading assignments
Quizzes
Exploring subjects under microscopy
Tests
The following questions will be graded periodically through out the semester. Some or all of
these questions may show up on the 1st semester final. Please do your best to keep on answering
these questions. If you fall behind, it is very difficult to make this assignment up.
Study Guide (Review Questions):
1. Copy a picture of a compound microscope and list all of the parts listed below:
Eye piece, body tube, rotating nose piece, objective lenses, arm, course adjustment knob,
fine adjustment knob, stage, stage clips, aperture, diaphragm, and light source.
2. Explain in detail how to properly focus a compound microscope.
3. Explain in detail how to make a wet and a dry mount slide.
4. Explain in detail how to properly stain a specimen so it can be viewed under a compound
microscope.
5. List the three domains of life. What are the similarities and differences?
6. List the six kingdoms of life. Which kingdoms are eukaryotic and which kingdoms are
prokaryotic?
7. What are the major characteristic of the two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)?
8. Explain the name, symbol, charge, relative mass, and location in the atom of each of the
three subatomic particles.
9. How have our ideas (models) of the atom changed over the years?
10. Draw a Bohr model of the following atoms: hydrogen, potassium, carbon, and oxygen.
11. Explain why atoms make bonds.
12. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? Explain what type of elements form each
bond and why.
13. Why is a water molecule partially polar?
14. Define atom, element, molecule, and compound. What are the relationships between atoms,
elements, molecules, and compounds?
15. Draw a molecule of sugar (monosaccharide), amino acid, RNA nucleotide, DNA nucleotide,
and the basic structure of a lipid (glycerol head and fatty acid tails).
16. What are the monomers of each polymer listed below?
Starch, fat, and protein
17. Why are lipids NOT considered polymers?
18. Draw and label the following chemical groups: Hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl
19. What is pH? What does acid, neutral and basic mean? Be very specific and complete.
20. What are buffers?
21. What is an enzyme? Why are enzymes called the workers of the cell?
22. Describe the induced fit (lock and key) model of how enzymes work. Explain how this model
fits with what we know about enzymes. Be complete!
23. Describe hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. Include what goes in and what comes out (a
detailed picture with explanations will be acceptable).
24. Explain under what conditions of temperature and pH the enzyme salivary amylase works
best. Would this be the same for all enzymes? Why or why not?
25. State the cell theory.
26. Make a drawing showing the location of each of the following organelles in the cell: cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, microtubules, chloroplast, and lysosomes.
27. Describe the function of each of the organelles listed in the previous question.
28. What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
29. Explain in detail the function of the cell membrane, what molecules make up this “bilayer”,
why these molecules are arranged they way they are, and all of the ways (4 ways) molecules
are transported across this membrane. Be complete!
30. Explain in detail the processes of osmosis and diffusion. How are they different? What are
the different types of diffusion and how do they work?
31. Define autotroph and heterotroph.
32. What is mitosis? When does it occur? Why does it occur?
33. Name each phase of mitosis and explain what happens in each phase.
34. Describe when, in what types of cells and where in the cell photosynthesis takes place.
35. Describe what happens overall and what happens during the two phases of photosynthesis
(include the overall chemical reaction).
36. What is ATP? How is it used in the cells? What is it for?
37. Describe when, in what types of cells and where in the cell cellular respiration takes place.
38. Describe what happens overall and what happens during the three phases of cellular
respiration (include the overall chemical reaction).
Cell Chemistry Essays
1. You are an enzyme that works in the human stomach. You are an excellent worker; your job
is to break down protein, and you win the “protein buster” award every year. One day your
boss calls you into his office. He tells you that other departments are really falling behind,
and your help will be needed elsewhere. You are given the choice of where you will be
transferred. The following chart compares working environments in the different areas you
have the choice of being transferred.
pH
Temperature
Time to break down protein
Stomach
3
32°C
30 min
Mouth
8
27°C
15sec.
Intestine
9
32°C
2hrs
Lysosome
5
35°C
15min
Remember, you are being transferred out of the stomach. You can only pick one of the other
locations. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of each alternative, choose one, and tell your
boss why you chose the alternative you did.
2. As a result of an experiment gone wrong, you find yourself shrinking without stop! As you
shrink, you are injected into a human cheek cell. You see the levels of organization listed
below. Describe each level in enough detail that someone reading your description could
picture exactly where you were and what you saw.
Levels of organization visited:
Cheek cell, nucleus, DNA molecule, carbon atom
3. You decide to create a small ecosystem in a 1-gallon jar. You place some Anacharis (water
plant), water snails, and some pond water in a jar. You place a lid on the jar. You keep the
jar near the light of a window. A friend comes up to you and calls you snail murderer and a
plant killer; she says that the snail and the plant will die because the jar is sealed from the
air. Explain to your ignorant friend why the plants and the snails should be able to survive
indefinitely in the jar. Include descriptions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in your
answer, the summary equation for each, and descriptions of the steps of each process.