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11/6/11 10:49 PM Metabolism Poster Questions: Answer the following questions concerning respiration. 1. Consider the mitochondrial electron transport chain. a. How many hydrogen ions can be pumped for every NADH? 3 b. How many hydrogen ions can be pumped for every FADH2? 2 2. How many ATP’s can be generated for each hydrogen ion that flows through the ATP synthase? 1 3. One NADH is the equivalent of how many ATP’s? 3 4. One FADH2 is the equivalent of how many ATP’s? 2 5. GTP is also made in respiration. How many ATP’s can be made from a GTP? 1 GTP= 1 ATP 6. Fill in the table below: (for 1 glucose) Process Location #ATP #GTP #NADH #FADH2 Total equivalent ATP Glycolysis cytosol 2 0 2 0 8 Pyruvate Oxidation matrix Krebs Cycle 0 Matrix 0 Total ATP = 38 0 2 2 0 6 6 2 24 7. How many total ATP can be made? Why is this sometimes a different number? 38 different number because use energy, reenergize NADH, FAD-NADH transporter 8. What drives the ATP synthase? Hydrogen Gradient 9. What is the significance of the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into crystae? Increase the surface area 10. In the electron transport chain, why doesn’t FADH2 release its electrons to the same acceptor as NADH? FADH2 has a higher electronegativity It can’t give its electrons to the same acceptor as NADH 11. Electrons passing through proteins imbedded in membranes are not influenced by gravity. In what sense are electrons flowing “downhill”? Going towards Gibb’s free energy 12. Where do the hydrogen ions that are pumped across the membrane by the electron transport system come from? Water 13. Describe what happens to the electron transport chain when there is no oxygen present. ETC shuts down because it is full of electrons Then it must do fermentation 14. What is the purpose of fermentation? Why can’t the cell simply produce pyruvate and excrete it? Purpose is to regenerate NAD+ 15. Describe what happens in the “investment phase” of glycolysis. What is the purpose of this investment? Phosphorylative glucose primes it to react (pushes it up hill) 16. Describe what happens in the energy harvesting phase of glycolysis. G3P Pyruvate NAD+ NADH ATP Produce 17. In terms of enzyme regulation, describe what happens when the cell has plenty of energy. What molecules are in abundance and what enzymes do they affect? ? Lot of ATP & NADH Inhibit PFH 18. Describe the processes that generate carbon dioxide. Alcoholic fermentation -Krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation, photorespiration (ETC does not generate CO2) 19. Explain where oxygen is used and what its function is. Used in end of ETC in the mitochondria the final electron acceptor (trash can) 20. Describe the advantage of separating these processes into different compartments. More efficient, less interference 21. Compare the energy produced by oxidation of a 6-carbon fatty acid with the 6-carbon glucose molecule -6 carbon fatty acid must be processed more because it needs more energy 22. The Atkins diet works by creating a deficit of carbohydrates. Where in the system do carbohydrates enter? Enter glycolysis (beginning) 23. In terms of metabolic pathways, why is it OK to eat fat on the Atkins diet? Provides more energy then carbs Atkins diet very few carbs 24. Glycolysis is thought to be the most ancient of the metabolic pathways we have studied. Explain why it is thought to have evolved first. -doesn’t require special compartments because it happens in the cytoplasm -doesn’t need O2 -Everyone does it 25. The mitochondrion is thought to have evolved by endosymbiosis. Explain what endosymbiosis is and describe evidence that supports the theory. -when something lives inside of another organism -multiple membranes, double membrane -prokaryotic chromosome -separate by binary fission -ribosomes are like bacterial ribosomes -works on operons 26. Our posters did not explore the catabolism of proteins. Where do amino acids enter the process? -allows for two-carbon reactions 27. Where do the materials for anabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates come from? ? 28. What is light? A form of electromagnetic energy that has wave-like properties and travels in bundles called photons 29. How do photosystems I and II differ? II has oxygen evolving complex I does not, it received electrons from ? II & I transfer to ferradoxin to make NADPH. I can absorb higher wavelengths of light 680 – II – higher energy 700 - I – lower energy 30. What enables these photosystems to absorb and use light other than that of exactly 700 and 680 nm? Explain how this works. Pigments absorb different wavelengths light is composed of photons a photon is a packet of energy, a particle of light 31. After an electron is removed from the chlorophyll a molecule in the photosystem, how is it replaced in photosystem I and in photosystem II? Photosystem II: Oxygen evolving complex steals an electron from water, replenishing the electron and creating oxygen I: gets it from P.S. II or itself, cyclic electron transport 32. Describe what each photosystem uses and what it generates. They are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carryout the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and transfer for energy and electrons found in the thylakoid membrane I uses light, electron from up chain generates electron NADP+ NADPH II uses water generates O2, and pulls pair of electron, generates high energy pair of electrons 33. Describe the difference between the z scheme (noncyclic photophosphorylation) and cyclic photophosphorylation z-scheme is linear, produces NADPH, ATP, O2 Cyclic produces O2 34. Where do the hydrogen ions that are pumped across the membrane by the photosynthetic electron transport chain come from? Water molecules 35. Are the electrons passing through proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane flowing ‘downhill’ as in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explain how both yes and no are correct answers. Yes because its downhill low to high energy No because shot back up by light which raises it (uphill) 36. Explain where oxygen is generated and what its function is. -OEC -to provide electrons -oxygen is supposed to be a waste product 37. Why are the reactions of the photosynthetic electron transport system sometimes referred to as the “light reactions?” Require light energy to energize it (Calvin Cycle does not happen in the dark) 38. What is the direct source of energy for the ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane? Compare this with the mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen Gradient exact same thing as mitochondrial membrane mitochondria evolved from the chloroplast 39. List the starting materials and end products of the Calvin Cycle. Hint—it is not glucose. Start: CO2, RUBP, NADPH, ATP Products: G3P, RUBP (cycle) (rusbisco doe not get used up because its an enzyme) 40. For one sucrose (C12H22O11), how many turns of the Calvin Cycle are necessary? 12 3 turns make 1 G3P, need 4 G3P to make sucrose = 12 turns 41. For one sucrose molecule, how many ATP’s are used? How many NADPH’s? 3 ATPs per turn Fixation-Reduction-Regeneration Each carbon 9 ATPs 54 ATPs to make glucose. You get 32 when you break it down 42. In what compartment does the Calvin Cycle take place? Stroma 43. The Calvin Cycle is sometimes referred to as the “Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis”. Why is this a misleading term? Needs light not dark, the Calvin Cycle does not happen in the dark 44. How is Rubisco activity regulated? Light activated 45. What is photorespiration and why is it considered to be a “slipping of the gears?” Photorespiration interferes with efficiency of the calvin cycle buildup O2 3 carbon & 2 carbon compound detox into CO2 46. Explain how C4 and CAM plants avoid photorespiration. Structure C4 plants pump CO2 CAM ½ day, ½ night Stomata closes and opens 47. Describe the interaction between temperature and concentrations of CO2 and O2 inside a plant leaf. O2 goes up when the temperature goes up and CO2 goes down (stomata closes during the day O2 cannot be released, CO2 cannot come in) 48. Global atmospheric CO2 levels and temperature are rising. What impact might each of these have on the different types of metabolism (C3, C4, and CAM that plants do)? Temperature goes up, more photorespiration C3 benefits most from CO2 up CAM benefits most from temperature up 49. Since metabolism consists of an inter-related series of chemical reactions and must also have evolved, classify the metabolic processes of glycolysis, fermentation, fatty acid metabolism and respiration into more ancestral and more derived pathways. Since evolution frequently re-uses old structures in new ways, are there any pathways that seem related? 1. Glycolysis and fermentation (need each other) 2. photosynthesis 3. respiration 4. fatty acid metabolism 50. Compare the inner mitochondrial membrane with the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Do the similarities suggest an evolutionary relationship? Cyclic came first because only 1 photosystem was used 51. Humans often make the mistake of thinking that we are the most complex organisms. Photoautotrophs such as plants and algae are necessarily more metabolically complex. Explain why this is so. Can’t eat things so they must make themselves, like 8 essential AA need them to make proteins plants have cellular respiration and photosynthesis and glycolysis to make secondary compounds because they cannot move we do glycolysis and cellular respiration because we can get our own food, we don’t have to make it. 11/6/11 10:49 PM 11/6/11 10:49 PM